Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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Finally, the studies that already have been conducted and the chapters that appear in this volume demonstrate that very basic epidemiologic research questions still remain and need to be addressed. These are questions fundamental to an understanding <strong>of</strong> the behavior, and they touch each <strong>of</strong> the elements <strong>of</strong> the epidemiology triad <strong>of</strong> agent, host, and environment. For instance, the issue <strong>of</strong> “agent” needs to come to be considered in the context <strong>of</strong> definitional problems related to determining what constitutes this category <strong>of</strong> substances and should attempt to improve understanding <strong>of</strong> inhalation as a mode <strong>of</strong> administration; identification <strong>of</strong> laboratory tests that biologically confirm the use <strong>of</strong> an inhalant; and the interaction <strong>of</strong> inhalants—however they are defined—with the use <strong>of</strong> other substances. The issue <strong>of</strong> “host” would involve investigation into predisposing biological factors and psychological vulnerabilities that exist for specific persons or populations, the life history factors that might be related, and inhalant use as a marker for other problem behaviors. The “environment” issue would focus on the relative risks <strong>of</strong> socioeconomic conditions; the effects <strong>of</strong> legal, cultural, and subcultural norms; and the local situation and fad-like conditions that can precipitate outbreaks. In any case, there has been a raising <strong>of</strong> consciousness over the past few years. Educators, parent groups, and community agencies are much more cognizant <strong>of</strong> the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse. For instance, when the findings <strong>of</strong> the last New York State school survey were released, it was quite clear that strides had been made in reducing rates <strong>of</strong> illicit drug use, such as marijuana use and cocaine use, but the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants and the nonmedical use <strong>of</strong> prescription analgesics had remained relatively unchanged. These findings were enough to signal a change in direction in school curricula to focus more on educating children about seemingly benign substances very close to home. Educational videotapes also have become available recently for children, as well as for adults, graphically describing the problem, the effects, and ways to get help. Informative brochures have become available and are being circulated. Groups have formed specifically around the problem <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse, especially solvent abuse. This interest and activity itself will exert pressure to know more and understand better this intractable problem. 271
REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile solvent abuse: Trends and patterns. In: Sharp, C.W.; Beauvais, F.; and Spence, R., eds. <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: A Volatile Research Agenda. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 129. NIH Pub. No. 93-3480. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1992. pp. 13-42. Frank, B.; Marel, R.; and Schmeidler, J. The continuing problem <strong>of</strong> youthful solvent abuse in New York State. In: Crider, R., and Rouse, B., eds. <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: An Update. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 85. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)88-1577. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. pp. 77-105. Johnston, L.D.; O’Malley, P.M.; and Bachman, J.G. <strong>National</strong> Survey Results on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Use from Monitoring the Future Study, 1975- 1992. Vol. I. NIH Pub. No. 93-3597. Washington DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1993. Kandel, D. Reaching the hard to reach: Illicit drug use among high school absentees. Addict Dis 1(4):465-480, 1975. Kandel, D.; Davies, M.; and Davis, B. New York State Youth Survey. Epidemiological Survey <strong>of</strong> Drugs Used Among New York State Junior and Senior High School Students. New York: New York State Psychiatric <strong>Institute</strong>, 1990. Mata, A., Jr., and Andrew, S. <strong>Inhalant</strong> abuse in a small rural south Texas community: A social epidemiological overview. In: Crider, R., and Rouse, B., eds. <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: An Update. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 85. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)88-1577. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. pp. 49-76. McSherry, T. Program experiences with the solvent abuser in Philadelphia. In: Crider, R., and Rouse, B., eds. <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: An Update. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 85. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)88-1577. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. pp. 106-120. Medina-Mora, E., and Ortiz, A. <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> solvent/inhalant abuse in Mexico. In: Crider, R., and Rouse, B., eds. <strong>Epidemiology</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: An Update. <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Research Monograph 85. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)88-1577. Washington, DC: Supt. <strong>of</strong> Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1988. pp. 140-171. 272
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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Page 227 and 228: FIGURE 9. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
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Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275: number usually is advertised in tel
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Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
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Page 285 and 286: justify their positions more on pri
Page 287 and 288: eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
Page 293 and 294: TABLE 3. Type of d
Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
Page 299 and 300: TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
Page 303 and 304: Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
Page 313 and 314: 26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316: 80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318: 102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320: 124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322: 138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323: NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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