Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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With the United Kingdom population <strong>of</strong> about 5.0 million youngsters aged between 12 and 19, there may be as many as 590,000 who could have experimented with volatile substances, and up to 59,000 could be regular users (Gossop 1993). VSA IN UNITED KINGDOM INDUSTRY The Health and Safety Executive data on workplace exposure show that industry generally controls solvent exposure <strong>of</strong> workers quite well. High personal exposures are not widespread and tend to occur in a fairly small number <strong>of</strong> cases involving “end user” processes (e.g., mixing or spraying) and usually involve mixtures <strong>of</strong> solvents rather than single substances. The degree to which VSA is a contributory factor in exposure is uncertain, but there probably is greater opportunity for abuse to occur in these same end user processes. It is acknowledged that there is evidence for the occurrence <strong>of</strong> VSA in industry, but the extent <strong>of</strong> the practice is not known. The Control <strong>of</strong> Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 put great emphasis on the assessment <strong>of</strong> risks from the industrial use <strong>of</strong> chemicals. This includes assessment <strong>of</strong> the potential for abuse, together with appropriate training and supervision in the proper use <strong>of</strong> chemicals (Parker 1989). In the United States, Suruda and McGlothlin (1990) reported 11 workplace deaths from nitrous oxide abuse, six <strong>of</strong> which were restaurants using nitrous oxide to whip cream; the remainder were hospital or dental workers. LEGISLATION Legislation to limit the sale <strong>of</strong> diethyl ether was introduced in Ireland at the turn <strong>of</strong> the century by a Government under pressure from the temperance societies and faced with the loss <strong>of</strong> tax revenues from alcohol (Nagle 1968). In England and Wales various acts, statutes, and bylaws have been used—some dating from the mid-19th century to address problems caused by intoxicated youngsters (Gossop 1993). These include: Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 Town and Gardens Protection Act 1863 235
Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 requires local authorities to safeguard and promote the welfare <strong>of</strong> children, which in effect gives children the right <strong>of</strong> access to specialized services if VSA is endangering their health or development. Section 46 enables a constable to remove to safe accommodation a child whom he has reasonable cause to believe would suffer significant harm if the child were not removed. Public Order Act 1986: Section 5 deals with disorderly or abusive behavior in public. Criminal Justice Act 1991: There are provisions under Paragraph 6 <strong>of</strong> Schedule la for a judge or magistrate to recommend by court order that a person receive treatment as part <strong>of</strong> a community sentence for <strong>of</strong>fenses committed under the influence <strong>of</strong> drugs or solvents. Road Traffic Act 1988: Under this act, it is an <strong>of</strong>fense to be intoxicated while in charge <strong>of</strong> a motor vehicle. Bylaws: Under a British Rail bylaw, it is an <strong>of</strong>fense to be intoxicated on railway property. Transport and Works Act 1992: This act covers intoxication <strong>of</strong> staff employed on the railway. Scotland, with its own legal system, has the Solvent <strong>Abuse</strong> (Scotland) Act <strong>of</strong> 1983 which amends the Social Work (Scotland) Act <strong>of</strong> 1968 and enables children to be referred to a Children’s Panel. In 1983, the United Kingdom Government undertook a consultation exercise to address VSA together with the police, the courts, drug treatment agencies, Members <strong>of</strong> Parliament, local councillors, parents, schools, social security departments, the health service, and retailers. The majority <strong>of</strong> those who responded felt that criminalizing VSA would be counterproductive, likely to deter users from seeking help and to burden many young people with a criminal record. The Government, faced with unscrupulous traders selling glue-sniffing kits, supported a Private 236
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
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Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 231 and 232: TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
Page 249 and 250: Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
Page 275 and 276: number usually is advertised in tel
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 279 and 280: Inhalants: A Polic
Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
Page 283 and 284: classes containing these substances
Page 285 and 286: justify their positions more on pri
Page 287 and 288: eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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