Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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Thailand During the 1980s Thailand suffered the first epidemic <strong>of</strong> organic industrial solvent sniffing among adolescents (Pemgpam et al. 1992). There was a rapid increase in the proportion <strong>of</strong> inhalant users within the total drug dependence treatment population between 1980 and 1989. This increase appeared to be countrywide. The increasing trend was significantly marked in the adolescent group. By the end <strong>of</strong> the decade organic solvent users surpassed users <strong>of</strong> all other substances in the northeastern region <strong>of</strong> Thailand. Adolescents aged 13-17 are the most vulnerable. The epidemic varied among the regions (Bangkok, central, northern, northeastern, and southern). In Bangkok, the epidemic started some time in the 1970s. It began in the other provincial regions in the early 1980s with the southern region being the most recent to experience the epidemic. The number <strong>of</strong> inhalant abusers increased in the last 5 years (Dasananjali, personal communication, May 12, 1993). An increasing number <strong>of</strong> children were admitted for treatment in recent years. Information was gathered by the national information system on all drug dependents who volunteered for treatment services in Thailand. Based on this information, about 2 percent <strong>of</strong> the total population in treatment (N = 58,327) between October 1989 and September 1990 were primary inhalant abusers (Office <strong>of</strong> the Narcotics Control Board 1992). Of the overall total, 13,984 were new cases entering treatment for the first time. Slightly more than 4 percent (N = 583) <strong>of</strong> the new cases were being treated for inhalant abuse. More than 90 percent <strong>of</strong> these inhalant abusers were males. Sixty percent were younger than 20 years old (51 percent were between 15 and 19). Slightly more than 33 percent were in their twenties. Ninety percent were never married. Twenty percent <strong>of</strong> these inhalant abusers were students, and 39 percent were unemployed. Among the employed, a majority were hired as wage laborers. Eightyone percent <strong>of</strong> these inhalant abusers had initiated drug use before the age <strong>of</strong> 20. <strong>Inhalant</strong>s were the first drug <strong>of</strong> abuse among 92 percent <strong>of</strong> these users. A sizeable proportion (18 percent) were polydrug users. Heroin, ganja, and psychotropic drugs were secondary substances used among this latter group. About half (47 percent) <strong>of</strong> these inhalant abusers use once a day, 25 percent use two to three times daily, and the rest use more than three times daily. Seventy-five percent <strong>of</strong> them spent between 1 and 20 baht 43
(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a day on inhalants. However, there were some (4 percent) who spent more than 100 baht (or US $4.00) daily. About 57 percent <strong>of</strong> these inhalant users sought treatment because <strong>of</strong> self-motivation. About 33 percent were pressured into seeking treatment by their family. Legal pressure was a reason reported by a minority (5 percent). Seventy-one percent <strong>of</strong> them had received inpatient treatment, and the rest were treated as outpatients. Curiosity was the most commonly reported reason for initiating inhalant use. This was mentioned by 61 percent <strong>of</strong> inhalant abusers who received treatment. Twenty-three percent had the drugs introduced to them by friends. Psychological stress was cited by 10 percent <strong>of</strong> the abusers. The organic (industrial) solvents most frequently used included paint thinners containing toluene, lacquer, and glue. Toluene was the most commonly abused. The increasing extent <strong>of</strong> the inhalant abuse problem led to the enactment <strong>of</strong> the Act on the Prevention <strong>of</strong> <strong>Inhalant</strong> Use BE 2533 (1990). Under this law, sale <strong>of</strong> inhalant substances to children under 17 years old is prohibited. Prevention education has been implemented as another control measure. OTHER INFORMATION Several other countries in the region are involved in the Asian Multicity <strong>Epidemiology</strong> Study, which is coordinated by the Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia. They include Bangladesh (Dhaka), Indonesia (Jakarta), Myanmar (Yangon), Nepal (Kathmandu), Sri Lanka (Colombo), and India (Delhi, Madras, Varanasi). Monthly statistics on the extent and nature <strong>of</strong> drug abuse in each city that are obtained from law enforcement and treatment agencies are submitted to the coordinating center. Data from these countries indicate that there are no cases <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse that are reported routinely. Only the city <strong>of</strong> Colombo mentioned that inhalant abusers were noted occasionally. 44
Page 1 and 2: National I
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 7 and 8: extent of inhalant
Page 9 and 10: agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
Page 11 and 12: prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
Page 13 and 14: Inhalant Use in th
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 7. Inhalant
Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 69 and 70: Inhalant Use Among
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323:
NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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