Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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TABLE 2. Age <strong>of</strong> initiation <strong>of</strong> drug use. Substance Alcohol 16.8 Tobacco 16.8 Sedatives 19.1 Hypnotics NA Stimulants NA Marijuana 18.7 Hallucinogens 23.1 <strong>Inhalant</strong>s 14.9 Coca paste 20.8 Cocaine hydrochloride 22.3 Age <strong>of</strong> initiation 1986 1988 SOURCE: Ferrando (1990); Jutkowitz et al. (1987). 17.3 17.8 22.3 19.9 19.3 18.6 21.0 14.2 20.3 21 .0 Finally, the findings on gender differences suggest that inhalant abuse is more prevalent among men (3.6 percent in Ferrando [1993]) than women (1.6 percent). Data from these surveys also suggest that glue and gasoline are the most preferred substances used by inhalant users. The 1986 survey showed that 41 percent <strong>of</strong> inhalant users reported lifetime use <strong>of</strong> glue, and 29.6 percent reported lifetime use <strong>of</strong> gasoline. The lifetime rates for glue and gasoline use in 1988 were 55 percent and 35 percent, respectively. Of survey subjects who have ever tried these substances, 41 percent preferred glues in 1986, and that percentage rose to 55 percent in 1988. In 1986, 27.3 percent preferred gasoline and 35 percent preferred this substance in 1988. 195
TABLE 3. Frequency <strong>of</strong> use <strong>of</strong> inhalants for the general population and for subjects aged 12-19, according to two national surveys. Number <strong>of</strong> times General population Subjects aged 12-19 1986 1988 1986 1988 Once or twice 59.1 40.3 60.8 30.6 3-5 times 25.6 37.0 25.7 48.3 6-9 times 10.4 3.4 10.2 2.0 10-99 times 2.6 15.4 0.6 18.2 > 100 times 2.3 3.9 2.7 0.9 SOURCE: Ferrando (1990); Jutkowitz et al. (1987). Results from a number <strong>of</strong> school-based surveys suggest, as do the two most recent <strong>National</strong> Household Surveys, that young individuals are more likely to use inhalants than their older counterparts. Data from the 1992 and other school-based surveys sponsored by Peru’s Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education provide the most recent results on the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants among youths aged 11 to 19 (see table 4). Further results from the 1992 school-based survey suggest that inhalant use came third following alcohol and tobacco use and was higher than the use <strong>of</strong> other illicit drugs (table 5). Table 5 gives information about life prevalence and current use for different psychoactive substances. Again, numbers are relatively low, even for legal substances, and very low figures for illegal drugs. Nonetheless, it is clear that inhalants come third after alcohol and tobacco. Some <strong>of</strong> the more salient findings about inhalant use among students who responded to the 1992 school-based survey were as follows: Males have higher lifetime use rates (4.4 percent) than females (2.7 percent). Of students who reported lifetime use <strong>of</strong> inhalants, 60 percent were males. 196
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197 and 198: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 199: nitrites—is virtually unknown in
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 205 and 206: working with children living in the
Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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