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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> drug use in Perú (values in percentages). Substance Lifetime prevalence 1986 1988 Alcohol 87.2 83.5 Tobacco 67.4 57.2 Hypnotics 0.9 0.8 Stimulants 3.7 1.3 Marijuana 8.3 5.3 Hallucinogens 4.0 1.4 <strong>Inhalant</strong>s 2.4 3.6 Coca paste 4.0 2.8 Cocaine hydrochloride 2.6 1.3 SOURCE: Ferrando (1990); Jutkowitz et al. (1987). Although these two surveys had different methodologies, both sets <strong>of</strong> results suggest that lifetime prevalence <strong>of</strong> alcohol was much higher than that <strong>of</strong> the illicit psychoactive substances. Use <strong>of</strong> illicit drugs was almost negligible. INHALANT ABUSE Historically in Peru, anesthetics were the first inhalants to be consumed. During the 1930s the use <strong>of</strong> ether was widespread. Anecdotal reports suggest that ether was used during carnival celebrations by people in the streets and in private parties. The phenomenon, what was then called etheromania, although essentially an urban and middle class one, was considered sufficiently serious to trigger governmental reaction. In 1936, a law was passed to control the availability <strong>of</strong> the substance and its consumption (Castro de la Mata 1987). Today, the use <strong>of</strong> this type <strong>of</strong> inhalant has disappeared. The use <strong>of</strong> volatile nitrites—butyl and amyl 193
nitrites—is virtually unknown in the country, and aerosols rarely are used for psychoactive ends (Ferrando 1990). From the late 1930s until the early 1980s inhalant consumption was <strong>of</strong> little interest to Peruvians. In the first household survey in Lima (Carbajal et al. 1980), use <strong>of</strong> inhalants was not even included in the questionnaire. Huamán and colleagues (unpublished manuscript) conducted the first study about inhalant use in Peru. The results from data collected from different schools in Lima indicated that inhalants were the third most used drug class after marijuana and coca paste. However, it was not until the mid-1980s that more detailed information on the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants became available. The findings from the 1986 and 1988 <strong>National</strong> Household Surveys, as shown in table 1, provided extensive data on the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants in the general Peruvian population. The results suggest that inhalant abuse in Peru is rather low. However, the use is higher among youths ages 12 to 14, with 20 percent reporting lifetime use <strong>of</strong> inhalants. Other results from the survey suggest the age <strong>of</strong> initiation for inhalant abuse is the lowest <strong>of</strong> all psychoactive drugs including alcohol and tobacco (see table 2). According to Ferrando (1990), the difference in the lifetime prevalence from one survey to the other could be due to a lack <strong>of</strong> comparability more than to a real change. In any case, the numbers are rather modest. However, both surveys are consistent in that current use <strong>of</strong> inhalants is more prevalent among younger people. Twenty percent <strong>of</strong> those ages 12 to 14 who acknowledged having ever used the substances are current users, compared to 8 percent for other age categories. Both studies also clearly show that inhalants have the lowest age <strong>of</strong> initiation <strong>of</strong> all drugs, including alcohol and tobacco. Other interesting findings from these two surveys suggest that the percentage <strong>of</strong> those users who inhale frequently has grown. “Frequently” was defined as use <strong>of</strong> inhalants between 10 and 99 times during a person’s lifetime. In the general population, 2.6 percent to 15.4 percent were frequent inhalant users, and 0.6 percent to 18.2 percent <strong>of</strong> those 12 to 19 years old were defined as frequent users. This increase particularly is evident for subjects aged 12 to 19, a group that shows a higher rate <strong>of</strong> use than the other age cohorts (see table 3). 194
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
Page 147 and 148: TABLE 2. National
Page 151 and 152: FIGURE 1. National
Page 153 and 154: FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
Page 169 and 170: The longest running institution, th
Page 171 and 172: Several programs have been develope
Page 173 and 174: Thus, substance abuse research has
Page 175 and 176: 3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
Page 177 and 178: Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
Page 179 and 180: Division of <stron
Page 181 and 182: mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
Page 183 and 184: Adults and Older Students I
Page 185 and 186: Method Participants. Participants w
Page 187 and 188: TABLE 6. Types of
Page 189 and 190: TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
Page 191 and 192: THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
Page 193 and 194: funding. However, by encouraging th
Page 195 and 196: AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
Page 197: abuse and their biomedical, social,
Page 201 and 202: TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
Page 203 and 204: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
Page 205 and 206: working with children living in the
Page 207 and 208: of the youthful po
Page 209 and 210: Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
Page 211 and 212: least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
Page 215 and 216: inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 223 and 224: TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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