Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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inhalant use spanning the different maturational periods <strong>of</strong> a person, beginning in early infancy and progressing through all stages <strong>of</strong> adulthood. Using this longitudinal approach, researchers can explore the impact that such factors as family dysfunction, peer pressure, lack <strong>of</strong> economic opportunity, gender, community factors, and larger societal factors have upon the onset <strong>of</strong> inhalant use, casual use, escalation to abuse, maintenance, development <strong>of</strong> dependence, cessation <strong>of</strong> abuse, and relapse. Evaluation-driven research that will investigate the efficacy <strong>of</strong> schooland community-based prevention programs in preventing inhalant use and abuse also is needed. Whenever possible, these evaluation studies should be theory driven, not just an evaluation <strong>of</strong> an existing prevention program. Similarly, there is a need for research that will evaluate the impact <strong>of</strong> treatment programs and governmental policies geared toward reducing the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants among chronic inhalant abusers. Studies <strong>of</strong> this type should seek to evaluate what treatment models or approaches are the most cost-effective. This research also should focus on evaluating the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> Government policies to reduce the supply <strong>of</strong> solvents and nitrites in various countries throughout the world. <strong>Inhalant</strong> use and abuse is a serious drug problem worldwide. Recent research advances in the United States and other countries have begun to provide initial information on the extent and nature <strong>of</strong> this problem. Efforts undertaken by various countries to prevent and treat inhalant use and abuse also demonstrate a serious intent to address this problem worldwide. Nevertheless, researchers currently lack data to understand comprehensively the magnitude and nature <strong>of</strong> inhalant use worldwide. More empirically based information is needed to develop effective intervention strategies and policies to address this problem. While current findings on the nature and extent <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse are limited, an almost universal theme emerges regardless <strong>of</strong> country or region <strong>of</strong> the world: The population at greatest risk are the young, disadvantaged, and disenfranchised. The circumstances that have made this marginalized population uniquely vulnerable to inhalant abuse and its severe consequences also have made the need for research efforts and successful interventions all the more urgent. 305
AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nicholas Kozel, M.S. Mario R. De La Rosa, Ph.D. Division <strong>of</strong> <strong>Epidemiology</strong> and Prevention Research <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> Parklawn Building, Room 9A-53 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 306
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
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Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 313 and 314: 26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
Page 315 and 316: 80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
Page 317 and 318: 102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
Page 319 and 320: 124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
Page 321 and 322: 138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
Page 323: NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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