Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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FIGURE 2. <strong>Inhalant</strong> use and marijuana use by grade level in New York State, 1990. SOURCE: New York State Office <strong>of</strong> Alcoholism and Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services. students is likely to try an inhalant is very stable, and that inhalant use and other problem behaviors are correlated among students (New York State Division <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services 1991). Some methodological issues that do arise in survey research on inhalant abuse are the same as those arising in all survey research. These issues concern the wording <strong>of</strong> questions and the quality <strong>of</strong> sampling. Given the variety <strong>of</strong> inhalants that may be used, an effort is made in the present survey <strong>of</strong> youth to ask about each one separately and specifically. Thus, the latest survey included the following three categories: (1) “rush or locker room (also butyl nitrite),” (2) glue, spray, or liquid (such as paint thinner and gasoline) and (3) nitrous oxide (also called laughing gas and whippets). Interestingly, a similar school survey was conducted in 1989 by other researchers that asked one all-inclusive question on the use <strong>of</strong> “Glue, inhalants (Rush, Snappers)” (Kandel 1990). 263
The findings in the two surveys were quite different. Whereas the 1990 survey yielded a rate <strong>of</strong> 20 percent for lifetime use <strong>of</strong> one or more inhalants, the 1989 survey yielded a comparable rate <strong>of</strong> 6 percent. These rates represent unduplicated counts <strong>of</strong> inhalant users. When nitrous oxide findings—which were omitted in the 1989 survey—are excluded from the calculation in the 1990 survey to make questions more comparable, the unduplicated rate <strong>of</strong> “ever use” is reduced somewhat to 16 percent <strong>of</strong> the student population in grades 7 through 12—still more than twice the rate <strong>of</strong> 6 percent found in the latter survey. Sampling issues also are a major research consideration, especially the size <strong>of</strong> the sample and geographic distribution <strong>of</strong> the sample. In OASAS surveys <strong>of</strong> school students, an extremely large number <strong>of</strong> students were surveyed and stratified by region in the State. The large number assures an acceptable margin <strong>of</strong> error and permits depth <strong>of</strong> analysis. The geographic distribution finds disparate rates <strong>of</strong> use in New York State from a low rate <strong>of</strong> 16 percent for New York City students to a high rate <strong>of</strong> 26 percent <strong>of</strong> students ever using inhalants in some relatively rural upstate regions. An interesting anomaly was found in a comparison <strong>of</strong> rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use between the sample <strong>of</strong> school students and the sample <strong>of</strong> DFY residents (figure 3). For every substance queried, the DFY sample surpasses the school students in rates <strong>of</strong> use. The one exception is the category <strong>of</strong> inhalants, with the school students showing 20 percent lifetime prevalence and the DFY residents showing 15 percent lifetime prevalence. Although the survey found that students’ inhalant use correlates with other problem behaviors, it is likely that ready availability <strong>of</strong> other substances—especially in New York City—may have been a factor in explaining the lower rates <strong>of</strong> inhalant use among the DFY residents (New York State Division <strong>of</strong> Substance <strong>Abuse</strong> Services 1991). Most DFY residents are from New York City. Surveys <strong>of</strong> adults also raise somewhat similar methodological issues. OASAS periodically conducts surveys <strong>of</strong> adults, including a telephone household survey and a survey <strong>of</strong> adults in public shelters and low-price hotels. A very important issue in adult surveys is missing whole subpopulations <strong>of</strong> users in the conduct <strong>of</strong> traditional household surveys. Given the fact that many <strong>of</strong> the more intensively involved drug users do not have stable households and that others have no households at all, household surveys, 264
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
Page 221 and 222: TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
Page 231 and 232: TABLE 6. National
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 235 and 236: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
Page 237 and 238: presented as a confidential “Scho
Page 239 and 240: TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
Page 241 and 242: Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
Page 247 and 248: contributions from many small group
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Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
Page 255 and 256: Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263 and 264: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 265 and 266: Gathering Epidemiologic Information
Page 267: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
Page 273 and 274: are due to the fact that inhalants
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Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
Page 279 and 280: Inhalants: A Polic
Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
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Page 287 and 288: eformulation of pr
Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
Page 293 and 294: TABLE 3. Type of d
Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
Page 299 and 300: TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
Page 303 and 304: Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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Page 317 and 318: 102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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