Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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CONAPRE. Informe Final: Estudio <strong>National</strong> sobre Aspectos Generales del Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas en la Población Estudiantil de Bolivia. PL-480, OPS/OMS. La Paz: Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud, 1990. Environmental Developpement en Bolivie. El Presente en la Ciudad del Futuro. El Alto: Environmental Developpement en Bolivie-Bolivia, 1990. Gisbert, A.; Medinaceli, C.; and Quiton, J. Proyecto Q’Aruru: Los Menores trabajadores de La Pérez Velasco. La Paz, 1991. Instituto <strong>National</strong> de Estadistica. Censo <strong>National</strong> de Población y Vivenda: Resultados Finales. La Paz: I.N.E., 1993. Montes, F. La Máscara Depiedra: Simbolismo y Personalidad Aymara en la Historia. La Paz: Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, 1987. Perotto, P.C., and Baldivieso, L.E. El Riesgo de ser Joven: Factores de Riesgo y Factores Protectores del Consumo de Drogas. La Paz: Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes, 1994. Rodriguez Rabanal, J. Las Cicatrices de la Pobreza. Caracas: Nueva Visión, 1989. Roth, E., and Cols. Consumo de Pasta Básica de Cocaína: El Caso Boliviano. La Paz: ILDIS, 1987. Roth, E.; Bort, R.; and Forest, C. “Investigación sobre Incidencia y Prevalencia del Consumo de Drogas en la Población de 14 a 22 Años, Sujeta a Educación Institutional, a Nivel <strong>National</strong>. Dirección <strong>National</strong> de Control de Sustancias Peligrosas.” Unpublished manuscript. Todd, E. Le Troisième Planète: Structures Familiales et Systèmes Ideologiques. Paris: Seuil, 1983. AUTHOR Laura Edith Baldivieso Executive Director Centro Educativo Sobre Estupefacientes Av. 6 De Agosto No. 2410 Casilla 10057 La Paz, Bolivia 63
<strong>Inhalant</strong> Use Among Brazilian Youths Beatriz Carlini-Cotrim In Brazil, inhalant abuse is an old phenomenon. As early as the 1920s a series <strong>of</strong> local medical articles focused on the so-called ether-inhaling vice, in which ether or the volatile product found in a common device called lança-perfume (meaning “perfume-thrower”) was inhaled by young people in Brazilian cities (Lopes 1924, 1925). This device, a small metal container filled with ethyl chloride, usually was commercialized during Carnival, the 4-day festival that has become famous internationally. The original purpose <strong>of</strong> lança-perfume, as its name indicates, was to be used as a prank, in order to throw ice-cold jets <strong>of</strong> fragrance on people during the festivities. As such, it was bought and sold without any restrictions for many decades. It appears that ether and ethyl chloride in the form <strong>of</strong> lança-perfume continued to be the major inhalant products to be abused in Brazil up to the 1960s (Neves-Manta 1956; Parreiras 1965). At that time, the production and commercialization <strong>of</strong> lança-perfume became illegal. This was the work <strong>of</strong> President Jânio Quadros. Although he resigned after only 8 months in <strong>of</strong>fice, the prohibition he issued endures to this day—as does the illegal consumption <strong>of</strong> lança-perfume. It now must enter the country illegally by way <strong>of</strong> Uruguay or Paraguay; alternatively, it is sold in a homemade version called loló. Reports concerning other kinds <strong>of</strong> inhalant abuse began to appear in major Brazilian newspapers in the early 1980s. In most cases, they involved the use <strong>of</strong> glues or thinners (Carlini-Cotrim 1992). Typically, the abuse was reported among young lower income subjects living in large urban areas. Although such indications would necessitate scientific investigation <strong>of</strong> the subject, Brazilian epidemiological research on inhalant abuse is relatively limited. The research that is available is centered on the study <strong>of</strong> two population groups: young students and street children. 64
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
Page 17 and 18: Reliability of the
Page 19 and 20: use beginning in 1987 when the surv
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2. Current use of</st
Page 23 and 24: TABLE 3. Use of in
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4. Inhalant
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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Page 31 and 32: CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
Page 33 and 34: AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
Page 35 and 36: Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
Page 37 and 38: perception of the
Page 39 and 40: Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
Page 41 and 42: The primary method of</stro
Page 43 and 44: them at least two to three times pe
Page 45 and 46: Curiosity is the most popular motiv
Page 47 and 48: Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
Page 49 and 50: (between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
Page 51 and 52: truant, who have money, and who are
Page 53 and 54: Edmondson, K. Review of</st
Page 55 and 56: Inhalant A
Page 57 and 58: Children working in the streets 280
Page 59 and 60: (1986), collected data on the preva
Page 61 and 62: Anecdotal information suggests that
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
Page 65 and 66: ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
Page 67: REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
Page 71 and 72: TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 73 and 74: TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
Page 77 and 78: however, rarely is taken into consi
Page 79 and 80: TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 9. Use of dr
Page 83 and 84: Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
Page 85 and 86: RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
Page 89 and 90: Incidence Rates Data from the surve
Page 93 and 94: FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
Page 97 and 98: TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
Page 101 and 102: FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
Page 103 and 104: The conduct of con
Page 105 and 106: Inhalant A
Page 107 and 108: The lack of epidem
Page 109 and 110: FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
Page 111 and 112: FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
Page 113 and 114: The registered inhalant abusers ran
Page 115 and 116: medication, and jumping from a tall
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
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TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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inquisitorial, unlike the procedure
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UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
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FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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TABLE 2. United Kingdom VSA-related
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TABLE 4. United Kingdom VSA-related
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NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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presented as a confidential “Scho
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TABLE 8. Surveys of</strong
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Children’s Act 1989: Section 17 r
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problem would go away like other te
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Children ages 14-16 “should have
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contributions from many small group
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Chadwick, O.; Anderson, R.; Bland,
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Market and Opinion Research Interna
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Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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that they chose solvents not only b
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Medical management and detoxificati
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challenges to a healthy readjustmen
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
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Gathering Epidemiologic Information
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DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
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The findings in the two surveys wer
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TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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are due to the fact that inhalants
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number usually is advertised in tel
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REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Inhalants: A Polic
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predominated, but it seems clear th
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classes containing these substances
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justify their positions more on pri
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eformulation of pr
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with abuse potential, and additiona
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TABLE 2. Type of l
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TABLE 3. Type of d
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TABLE 4. Type of b
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TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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TABLE 6. Prevention curricula and i
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appear to enter treatment that prog
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Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
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outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
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Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
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Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
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AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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26 42 50 52 53 54 56 61 62 THE BEHA
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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