Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse - Archives - National Institute on ...

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Preparation <strong>of</strong> this manuscript was supported in part by funds from the <strong>National</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> on Drug <strong>Abuse</strong> (grant no. P50 DA 07074). AUTHORS Pamela Jumper-Thurman, Ph.D. Research Associate Barbara Plested, M.A., A.B. Research Associate Fred Beauvais, Ph.D. Research Scientist Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 259
Gathering Epidemiologic Information on <strong>Inhalant</strong> <strong>Abuse</strong>: Some Methodological Issues Blanche Frank Given what is known about inhalant use, an urgency exists to know more. For a variety <strong>of</strong> reasons, however, the current base <strong>of</strong> epidemiologic information barely scratches the surface. In an effort to understand the methodological research issues involved, this chapter reviews ways in which drug abuse research is conducted, drawing mainly on examples in New York City, specifically, and New York State, generally, and the particular limitations associated with research concerning inhalant use. THE EXISTING BASE OF INFORMATION From information already gathered, it is clear that young children and adolescents are especially susceptible to the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants, including gasoline, paint thinner, a variety <strong>of</strong> solvents, nitrous oxide, and butyl nitrites. Numerous school surveys attest to this fact, as do ethnographic-type observations <strong>of</strong> youth on the streets <strong>of</strong> cities and villages throughout the world (Frank et al. 1988; Mata and Andrew 1988; Medina-Mora and Ortiz 1988). Indications also exist that trends in inhalant use among youth are either increasing or remaining stable. For instance, while the use <strong>of</strong> alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and cocaine have declined among secondary school students in New York State, especially over the past decade or so, the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants generally has remained unchanged. The <strong>National</strong> High School Senior Survey, which also now includes 8th graders and 10th graders, shows almost one in five students having ever used inhalants among each <strong>of</strong> these grade levels over the past several years. In 1992, 17 percent <strong>of</strong> students in each <strong>of</strong> these grades had used inhalants at least once in their lifetimes (Johnston 1993). Studies also suggest that the use <strong>of</strong> inhalants among the very young (with the mode at 12 years to 13 years <strong>of</strong> age) may be a predictor <strong>of</strong> more 260
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National I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Treatment Strategies for Volatile S
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extent of inhalant
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agencies. Dr. Carlini-Cotrim conclu
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prevalence, after alcohol and tobac
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Inhalant Use in th
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FIGURE 1. Lifetime prevalence for 1
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Reliability of the
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use beginning in 1987 when the surv
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TABLE 2. Current use of</st
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TABLE 3. Use of in
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TABLE 4. Inhalant
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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TABLE 7. Inhalant
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CONCLUSION Unlike other drugs in th
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AUTHORS Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D. Rese
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Epidemiologic data were obtained fo
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perception of the
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Malaysia In Malaysia, the abuse <st
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The primary method of</stro
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them at least two to three times pe
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Curiosity is the most popular motiv
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Inhaling from a plastic bag: The vo
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(between US $0.04 and US $0.80) a d
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truant, who have money, and who are
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Edmondson, K. Review of</st
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Inhalant A
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Children working in the streets 280
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(1986), collected data on the preva
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Anecdotal information suggests that
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FIGURE 3. Psychological process mod
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ehavior. A secondary aim has been u
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REFERENCES ABC Communication. Consu
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Inhalant Use Among
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TABLE 1. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 3. Lifetime prevalence <stron
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TABLE 4. Solvent use found for 1,83
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however, rarely is taken into consi
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TABLE 7. Weekly use (at least once
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TABLE 9. Use of dr
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Oetting, E.R.; Edwards, R.W.; and B
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RESULTS Prevalence Rates The findin
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TABLE 2. Use of in
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Incidence Rates Data from the surve
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TABLE 7. Use of in
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FIGURE 2(a). Proportion and number
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TABLE 8. Regression analysis: Use <
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TABLE 10(a). Mean age at first inha
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TABLE 13. Percentage of</st
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FIGURE 3. Opinion on health consequ
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The conduct of con
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Inhalant A
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The lack of epidem
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FIGURE 1. Substance abusers treated
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FIGURE 2. Drug used at initiation <
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The registered inhalant abusers ran
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medication, and jumping from a tall
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(with the main psychoactive compone
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In 1990, a World Health Organizatio
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FIGURE 7. Number of</strong
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of an epidemic, wh
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Oetting, E.R.; Beauvais, F.; and Ed
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FIGURE 1. Arrests for drug statute
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had inhaled the vapor from lacquer
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FIGURE 4. Numbers of</stron
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TABLE 3. Age appeared to consultati
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TABLE 5. Present occupational situa
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FIGURE 5. SOURCE: Longitudnal patte
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FIGURE 7. Longitudinal pattern <str
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Epidemiology <stro
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TABLE 1. National
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(Hughes et al. 1980). The system ha
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TABLE 2. National
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TABLE 3. National
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FIGURE 1. National
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FIGURE 3. Drug Registry System (SRI
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TABLE 5. National
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TABLE 6. National
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TABLE 7. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 9. National
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TABLE 10. National
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TABLE 10. National
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The longest running institution, th
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Several programs have been develope
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Thus, substance abuse research has
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3. Alcohol and tobacco were not con
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Leal, H., and Pacheco, G. Estrategi
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Division of <stron
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mind the fact that a sizeable numbe
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Adults and Older Students I
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Method Participants. Participants w
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TABLE 6. Types of
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TABLE 9. Sources of</strong
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THE NEED FOR MORE RESEARCH ON INHAL
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funding. However, by encouraging th
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AUTHOR Isidore Silas Obot, Ph.D., M
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abuse and their biomedical, social,
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nitrites—is virtually unknown in
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TABLE 3. Frequency of</stro
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TABLE 5. Lifetime prevalence and cu
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working with children living in the
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of the youthful po
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Lucchini, R. “Niños Callejeros y
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least as far back as 1983. However,
Page 213 and 214: TABLE 1. Phase-out schedule for ozo
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Page 217 and 218: UNITED KINGDOM VSA-RELATED MORTALIT
Page 219 and 220: FIGURE 5. United Kingdom VSA-relate
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Page 229 and 230: NATIONAL VSA STATISTICS The only <s
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Page 233 and 234: TABLE 7. Local surveys giving infor
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Page 243 and 244: problem would go away like other te
Page 245 and 246: Children ages 14-16 “should have
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Page 251 and 252: Market and Opinion Research Interna
Page 253 and 254: Streete, P.J.; Ruprah, M.; Ramsey,
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Page 257 and 258: that they chose solvents not only b
Page 259 and 260: Medical management and detoxificati
Page 261 and 262: challenges to a healthy readjustmen
Page 263: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Social and
Page 267 and 268: DIRECT POPULATION SURVEYS Cross-sec
Page 269 and 270: The findings in the two surveys wer
Page 271 and 272: TABLE 1. Recent use a of</s
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Page 277 and 278: REFERENCES Beauvais, F. Volatile so
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Page 281 and 282: predominated, but it seems clear th
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Page 289 and 290: with abuse potential, and additiona
Page 291 and 292: TABLE 2. Type of l
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Page 295 and 296: TABLE 4. Type of b
Page 297 and 298: TABLE 5. Specified products regulat
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Page 301 and 302: appear to enter treatment that prog
Page 303 and 304: Policy Alternative 1: Change Produc
Page 305 and 306: outcome evaluations. Ideally, such
Page 307 and 308: Mata, A.G., Jr., and Andrew, S.R. <
Page 309 and 310: Recommendations and Conclusions Zil
Page 311 and 312: AUTHORS Zili Sloboda, Sc.D. Nichola
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80 82 83 84 85 87 88 89 92 NEEDLE S
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102 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 ANA
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124 NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO B
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138 139 140 141 142 143 IMAGING TEC
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NIH Publication No 95-3831 Printed
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