sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC

Jonathan Pershing
(h) Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the production,
processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive
products; and
(i) Land-locked and transit countries.
Further, the Conference of the Parties may take actions, as appropriate, with respect to this
paragraph.”
4.9. The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special situations of the least
developed countries in their actions with regard to funding and transfer of technology.”
Kyoto Protocol Articles 2.3 and 3.14:
Article 2.3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures
under this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of
climate change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts
on other Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article
4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further
action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.
Article 3.14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments
mentioned in paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and
economic impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4,
paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the
Parties on the implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions are
necessary to minimize the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impacts of response
measures on Parties referred to in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be
the establishment of funding, insurance and transfer of technology.
References
1. Aaheim, A, Bartsch, U., Mabro, R., and Mueller, B. 1999. The Kyoto Protocol and its Impact
on Fossil Fuel Markets, Center for International Climate and Environmental Research in
Oslo (CICERO) and Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (OIES).
2. Annex I Experts group on the UNFCCC, 1996. Policies and Measures for Common Action:
Reforming Coal and Electricity Subsidies.
3. Berg, E., Kverndokk, S., Rosendahl, K., 1999. Market Power, International CO 2 Taxation
and Oil Wealth. University of Oslo, 1999.
4. Bernstein, Paul M. and Montgomery, W. David, 1999. Global Impacts of the Kyoto
Agreement: Results from the MS-MRT. Presented at IPCC WG III Expert Meeting, CPB,
The Hague, May 1999.
5. Bernstein, Paul M., W. David Montgomery, Thomas F. Rutherford and Gui-Fang Yang,
1999. Effects of Restrictions on International Permit Trading: The MS-MRT. In: The Energy
Journal, Special Issue, International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE), Ed. John
Weyant.
6. Bollen, J., Manders , T and Timmer, H. May 1999. Kyoto and Carbon Leakage, Simulations
with WorldScan. Presented at IPCC WG III Expert Meeting, CPB, The Hague, May 1999.
7. BP-Amoco, 1999. Statistics , August 1999. http://www.bpamoco.com/worldenergy/
8. Ghanem, S., S. Lounnas, R. Brennand, 1999. OPEC’s Model shows the Impact of Emissions
Trading on Member Countries, edited extract from ‘The Impact of Emission Trading on
OPEC Member Countries’, OPEC Review, June 1999.
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