sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC

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Session Proceedings Another interesting point to note is the analysis of the implementation of new processes. The consideration of affordability in the analysis would need to investigate investment potential and payback revenues. In the past, the decision on town gas network development was made at a local level. Now natural gas production is very centralised with direct connection to the production field. Investment is more important, and network development more complex. When the population is not concentrated enough or the level of revenue is too low, the main pipeline is constructed on the basis of a main industrial project e.g. a chemical plant such as the analysis in Angola or a power plant. This type of complex technical paths may be difficult to integrate into the global model, and may result in large regional variation. The underlying micro-economic dynamics is not much analysed in the presentation. Furthermore, such details of investment decisions were not included in statistics, which is used in model calibrations. They are not included in the projection either because they are not in the regulation around the price process. For instance, the model may have not taken into account the impact of Chinese town authority to turn away from coal to gas. This macro economic environment should be assessed before the model is used to analyse the results. On Moreira's Presentation on Biomass: the External Cost Issue The paper advocates strongly externality valuation as a tool for decision making. We disagree on this point. Externalities could be of two types. Some are directly related to the costs involved in the production process such as infrastructure construction, pollution impacts on buildings or lost workdays while others are associated with social preferences such as esthetical values, biodiversity conservation, or better social welfare. These may be more generally regarded as societal aspects of sustainable development. The valuation on externality was very controversial in the 2nd Assessment Report on Climate Change by the IPCC, in particular with respect to the value of human life for cost-benefit analysis. This approach has been finally seen as unproductive. More recently the programme ExternE in Europe has made further effort on this issue without being fully conclusive. Moreover, it has been shown that valuation methods, such has willingness to pay (WTP) or willingness to accept (WTA) compensation were driven by specific circumstances and correlated with level of income and information and not collectively applicable, a fortiori universal. Furthermore, in the framework of ISO 1404X on Life Cycle Assessment, this approach has been finally abandoned because of its limitation in the decision process though it was earlier advocated. The conclusion which we draw from this approach is that in the complex decision process of human societies all values cannot be reduced to one measure, i.e. the market exchange value in monetary terms. It remains the necessity of political decision based on implicit or explicit multicriteria approach (Darras, 1998) Therefore, we suggest that this type of methodology should not be proposed in the context of the TAR. A critic could be included to show its drawbacks and the information it can provide when and where applicable. 34
Terry Barker, Lenny Bernstein, Ken Gregory, Steve Lennon and Julio Torres Martinez One Issue Raised Following the Panel Discussion: Sectoral and Integrated Approach to Energy Services The approach in chapter 9 of WG III TAR, as in most other chapters, is sectoral analysis. However this approach is limited in light of the restructuring of the energy sector, in which there has observed system integration with the more systematic introduction of CHP or local renewable energy for instance, and the subsequent interference between local need and centralised production provided by general networks of electricity, gas, oil, or other energy sources. This integration is more obvious when one analyses the integration of transport, energy, housing and work location in urban areas. This could yield some interesting paths for a more efficient and pertinent use of energy. Analysis on integration of energy systems was made in the energy related chapters in WG III SAR (Second Assessment Report). It is not found any more in the draft Report of the Third Assessment despite the fact that the integrated approach is more and more widely applied. Finally, a new approach has emerged with the concept of industrial ecology (Frosch and Gallopoulos, 1999, Erkman, 1998). It proposes to industrial complexes to develop in an integrated way in which wastes from one process are recycled in another (heat at lower temperature, semi-raw materials). These help make the very specialised process of production, developed in the last two centuries and largely shaped since the beginning of the 19th century with rationalisation of plant production, diversify or integrate from the perspective of a global economy. References Darras, M. (1998), Integration of environmental decisions. Int. 3. Sustainable Development. Vol. 1/N° 1 - pp 108-114 Dedikov, J.V., G.S. Akopova, N.G. Gladkaja, A.S. Piotrovsky, V.A. Markellov, S.S. Salichov, H. Kaesler, A. Ramm, A. Müller von Blumencron, S. Lelieveld, Estimating methane releases from natural gas production and transmission in Russia - Atmospheric Environment. 33 (1999) pp 3291-3299 EPA/GRI 1996 (Star Programme), Methane emission from the Natural Gas Industry Radian International. EPA 600/R - 96 - 080a Erkman, S., 1998, Vers une écologie industrielle - Edition Charles Leopold Mayer - Lausanne - Suisse Frosch, R.A. and N.E. Gallopoulos, Strategy for manufacturing, 89 - Scientific American. Vol. 261 - Sept. 99 - pp 144-152 IEA, Methane emissions from the oil and gas industry - IEA Greenhouse Gas - R&D Programme - Rpt. PH 2/7 - January 1997 IGU, Methane emissions caused by the gas industry worldwide. S.G. 8.1 - 21st World Gas Conference - June 6-9, 2000 - Nice - France 35
Page 1 and 2: INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE
Page 3 and 4: Preface Preface Assessment of the s
Page 5 and 6: Contents Additional Submissions ♣
Page 7 and 8: PART I INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1
Page 9 and 10: Ogunlade Davidson I therefore urge
Page 11 and 12: Lenny Bernstein from mitigation mea
Page 13 and 14: Terry Barker, Lenny Bernstein, Ken
Page 39: Terry Barker, Lenny Bernstein, Ken
Page 43 and 44: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller I
Page 45 and 46: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller c
Page 47 and 48: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller m
Page 49 and 50: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller 5
Page 51 and 52: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller T
Page 53 and 54: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller F
Page 55 and 56: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller T
Page 57 and 58: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller R
Page 59 and 60: Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller C
Page 61 and 62: Ron Knapp The top seven coal export
Page 63 and 64: Ron Knapp would impose on the US ec
Page 65 and 66: Ron Knapp "Because of the high carb
Page 67 and 68: Ron Knapp the adverse impact of Kyo
Page 69 and 70: Davoud Ghasemzadeh and Faten Alawad
Page 75 and 76: Jonathan Stern Discussion: Impact o
Page 77 and 78: Jonathan Stern Energy Research Inst
Page 79 and 80: Jonathan Stern “Hot Air” Finall
Page 81 and 82: Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Table
Page 83 and 84: Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Servic
Page 85 and 86: Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Figure
Page 87 and 88: Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Table
Page 89 and 90: Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Policy
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Jonathan Pershing Fossil Fuel Impli
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Jonathan Pershing Economic Models A
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Jonathan Pershing uneven, and that
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Jonathan Pershing global oversupply
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Jonathan Pershing Table 5 Oil Produ
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Jonathan Pershing The question of t
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Jonathan Pershing Gas demand will v
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Jonathan Pershing It is necessary t
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Jonathan Pershing According to the
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Jonathan Pershing (h) Countries who
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PART III RENEWABLE ENERGY 105
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Patrick Criqui, Nikos Kouvaritakis
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José R. Moreira Discussion: Biomas
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José R. Moreira 5 Case C - Social
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José R Moreira The results indicat
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José R Moreira 7 Case E - Health D
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José R Moreira When a project is u
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Garba G. Dieudonne Impacts of Mitig
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Garba G. Dieudonne SMALL-SCALL HYDR
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Garba G. Dieudonne Issues Associate
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Garba G. Dieudonne The us of renewa
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Garba G. Dieudonne cooperatives and
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Oliver Headley Table 1 Intense Hurr
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Renewable Energy Table 3 Examples o
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Renewable Energy Table 5 Comparison
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Transport Mitigating GHG Emissions
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Transport the two objectives is the
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Transport The rapid expansion in th
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Transport Altering the mix of vehic
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Transport in the 1990s. Railways, d
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Transport The Indian study conclude
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Transport Synergy between local and
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Transport Figure 6 Transport relate
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Transport Lack of technology data D
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Transport • 10% of the autoricksh
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Transport Categories vary in applic
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Transport innovative mechanisms suc
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Transport Clean Car Mandates: Tappi
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Transport Table 5 Tellus Institute
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Transport used cars with up to twen
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Transport for air pollution and noi
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Transport The first category has lo
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Transport Figure 4 New Light-Duty V
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Transport Figure 6 Regional Effects
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Transport There are significant dif
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Transport Figure 8 Net Energy Balan
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Transport As a last remark it is us
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PART V ENERGY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES
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Energy Intensive Industries framewo
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Energy Intensive Industries intensi
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Energy Intensive Industries a reduc
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Energy Intensive Industries column,
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Energy Intensive Industries goods f
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Energy Intensive Industries The fin
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Energy Intensive Industries Costs a
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Energy Intensive Industries Environ
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Energy Intensive Industries Figure
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Energy Intensive Industries 13% to
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Energy Intensive Industries Costs a
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Energy Intensive Industries SANEA (
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Energy Intensive Industries In the
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Energy Intensive Industries SANEA 1
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Energy Intensive Industries energy
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Energy Intensive Industries Impacts
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Energy Intensive Industries Over th
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Energy Intensive Industries natural
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Energy Intensive Industries • The
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Energy Intensive Industries element
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Energy Intensive Industries (D) Alt
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Energy Intensive Industries the ass
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Households and Services Ancilliary
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Households and Services it is based
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Households and Services • Heating
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Households and Services Impact of G
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Households and Services This defini
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Households and Services operating c
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Households and Services 3.2 Technic
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Households and Services Tennant, T.
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PART VII PANEL DISCUSSION 270
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Panel Discussion In some sectors (p
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Appendix Appendix A Meeting Program
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Appendix 1030 Coffee/Tea 1100 Sessi
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Appendix Marc Darras Gaz de France,
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