sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC

Seth Dunn and Michael Renner
Table 1 Unemployment Rates by Region and Selected Countries, 1987 and 1997
Region or Country 1 1987 1997
(percent)
Europe 10.4 10.5
Japan 2.8 3.4
United States 6.2 4.9
Latin America and Caribbean 5.7 2 7.4
China 2.0 3.0 3
India 3.4 2.3 4
Other Asian countries 4.3 2 4.2 3
Central and Eastern Europe 7.2 4 9.6 3
1 No comprehensive data for Africa are available.
2 1990.
3 1996. 4 1993.
Source: International Labour Organization, World Employment Report 1998–99 (Geneva,
1998).
Figure 1. Selected Factor Productivities in U.S.
Manufacturing, 1950-96
350
Source: BLS, Rosenblum
300
250
Ind
ex:
19
200
50
=
10
0
150
Capital
Labor
Energy
Materials
100
50
0
1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995
And in many cases, the industries that account for the bulk of energy use also provide limited
employment. In the U.S., four industries - primary metals, paper, oil refining, and chemicals -
accounted for 78 percent of primary energy, but only 12 percent of jobs, in the manufacturing
sector. (See Table 2.)
Similar attributes exist in utilities and in mining, as is discussed later with respect to coal. At the
same time, employment is shifting into the “service” sector. (See Table 3.)
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