sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC
sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC
sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC
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Patrick Criqui, Nikos Kouvaritakis <strong>and</strong> Leo Schrattenholzer<br />
The pr<strong>of</strong>iles <strong>of</strong> cumulative research by main technology category in Figure 8 show a huge gap<br />
between nuclear <strong>and</strong> other energy technologies. Total cumulative R&D spending rises at 222<br />
billions $90 in 1995, with nuclear technologies representing two thirds <strong>of</strong> this total, against 12 %<br />
for fossil energy, 11 % for renewable <strong>and</strong> conservation <strong>and</strong> 10 % for the other technologies.<br />
Figure 8 Cumulative PERD by main category (10 6 $90)<br />
160 000<br />
30 000<br />
140 000<br />
CONSERV<br />
FOSSIL<br />
NUCLEAR<br />
25 000<br />
CONSERV<br />
FOSSIL<br />
NUCLEAR<br />
120 000<br />
OTHER<br />
POWER GEN<br />
OTHER<br />
POWER GEN<br />
100 000<br />
RENEWABLE<br />
20 000<br />
RENEWABLE<br />
80 000<br />
15 000<br />
60 000<br />
10 000<br />
40 000<br />
5 000<br />
20 000<br />
0<br />
0<br />
1973<br />
1975<br />
1977<br />
1979<br />
1981<br />
1983<br />
1985<br />
1987<br />
1989<br />
1991<br />
1993<br />
1995<br />
1973<br />
1975<br />
1977<br />
1979<br />
1981<br />
1983<br />
1985<br />
1987<br />
1989<br />
1991<br />
1993<br />
1995<br />
Figure 9 Cumulative PERD, nuclear technologies (10 6 $90)<br />
40 000<br />
35 000<br />
30 000<br />
25 000<br />
20 000<br />
15 000<br />
10 000<br />
5 000<br />
0<br />
1973<br />
1974<br />
1975<br />
BREEDER<br />
OTHER CONV<br />
NUC CYCLE<br />
FUSION<br />
LWR<br />
SUPPORT<br />
1976<br />
1977<br />
1978<br />
1979<br />
1980<br />
1981<br />
1982<br />
1983<br />
1984<br />
1985<br />
1986<br />
1987<br />
1988<br />
1989<br />
1990<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
Among nuclear technologies, the breeder programs present the highest level <strong>of</strong> cumulative R&D,<br />
with a marked slowdown after 1985. This slowdown can also be noted in figure 9 for the fuel<br />
cycle <strong>and</strong> for new nuclear converters. Cumulative research increases much more regularly on the<br />
whole period for fusion, LWR <strong>and</strong> “nuclear support”.<br />
As illustrated in figure 10, cumulative research for renewable technologies is, for the whole<br />
period, <strong>of</strong> an order <strong>of</strong> magnitude inferior to that <strong>of</strong> nuclear technologies. The solar thermal<br />
conversion program shows similar evolutions for heating systems <strong>and</strong> for thermal power plants,<br />
with a very rapid increase during the second part <strong>of</strong> the seventies <strong>and</strong> a slowdown after 1981. On<br />
113
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