sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC

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Renewable Energy The Clean Development Mechanism could accelerate the dissemination of renewable energy technologies. Since their dissemination advances the CDM’s climate change mitigation and sustainable development goals, most renewable energy projects would probably be CDM eligible. Furthermore, such projects tend to benefit rural areas in poor countries and would thus promote the distribution of CDM benefits to areas and countries that might otherwise be left out. Unless CO 2 values exceed $20 per ton, however, CDM funding alone is unlikely to generate more than about $3 to $6 per typical SES each year or about of initial wholesale equipment costs when discounted at 10% over twenty years. Still, if CDM transaction costs are kept low, this funding could prove quite valuable in improving marginal project economics and making the systems more widely affordable. For example, the additional CER income could increase the profitability of an SHS-fee for service business sufficiently to make the difference in attracting the capital needed to reach critical scale economies. 4 The Dessemination of (RE) Technologies: Some Concrete Interventions Training of local technicians and entrepreneurs If renewable energy technologies are to serve the needs of the African population to mitigate climate change then rural communities will need resident technicians operating local businesses who are able to supply, install and maintain these systems. A target could be to ensure at least one such resident technician in every community. Curriculum and selection of participants is important. Surveys show that people do not like to be in rural areas after their studies abroad, nor do they go into the business of commercial technology dissemination. Currently, there is only a handful of training institutions in Africa for rural, renewable energy technicians-entrepreneurs. Research and development, testing, production and supply of products targeted to Africa There is an urgent need to adapt decentralized, renewable energy technologies to rural consumer markets to develop reliable supply lines, and to improve the quality of those components that can be cost-effectively produced in Africa. Very few products are designed and tested especially for African rural markets. The assumption is that each rural person has not enough money, but they are already buying some of the most expensive energy in the world. In that case, the organization of local people in cooperatives will be useful to apply with their incomes the decentralized energy technologies. Programs to test existing systems to find out which are best suited to user needs, and to adopt or design technology to the specific users needs will contribute to local community development. Since many renewable energy technologies are imported as complete packages from donor countries and installed by non-resident technicians without the involvement of local entrepreneurs, when systems fail, the local consumer is helpless. In addition to the need for locally based technicians, there is a need for reliable supply lines. Currently, energy technology equipment produced in developing countries is in general of lower standard. However, with the investment in expertise and capital locally produced components could come up to international standards. There is a whole range of renewable energy technologies that could be manufactured locally. They would promote local entrepreneurship, create employment and reduce foreign expenditure. Financing and credit schemes Buying a solar PV system, for example, is like buying many years of power. Most families cannot afford any more than they could afford to pay the capital investment costs involved in supply of grid electricity to their homes. Whereas for grid extension to consumers in remote areas, the initial investment by utility companies may never be paid back, for solar PV, the payback period could be as little as one year. Financial mechanisms are needed to enable 154
Garba G. Dieudonne cooperatives and local consumers to buy into renewable energy technologies. Various forms of financing solar PV in rural communities are being tried out in Africa: pumping water and battery charging stations which allows consumers to gradually buy into solar modules as they pay for having water and their batteries charged; a credit system; and a leasing system. Awareness, education and demonstration programs Public awareness campaigns could be organized, using the media and other communication methods to inform people of the potential for renewable energy technologies. Cooperative studies should be carried out to test and evaluate renewable energy technologies in given areas, and rate them according to performance objectives. Decentralized administrations should be encouraged to implement renewable energy systems for water pumping, lighting, health clinics, recreation, and local businesses. In addition, it is necessary to show the public that renewable energy works and could improve their life quality. Installation and maintenance of such systems can be used to train and create jobs for local technicians until the market builds up. Policy interventions A first step should be removal of discriminatory taxation and subsidies. Governments should encourage diversity and prevent monopolies. These institutions should prepare and enforce standards to ensure health, safety, reliability and quality of decentralized, renewable energy systems. A larger proportion of public funding should be allocated to off-grid electricity supply and other decentralized rural systems. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms RES: RHS: GHG: UNFCCC: MW: MWe: KW: KWh: GW: CO 2 : MtC: MtC/Mwe/year: SO 2 : Nox: US: PV: GtC/year: TWh: CBOs: NGOs: CDM: GEF: CER: Renewable energy systems Solar house system Greenhouse Gases United Nations Framework of Climate Change Convention Megawatt Megawatt of electricity Kilowatt Kilowatt-hour Gigawatt Carbon dioxide Million metric tons of carbon Million metric tons of carbon per megawatt of Carbon per megawatt of electricity per year Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen Oxide United States Photovoltaic Gigatons of Carbon/year Terawatt hours Community Based Organizations Non-governmental Organizations Clean Development Mechanism Global Environment Facility Certified Emission Reduction 155
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE
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Preface Preface Assessment of the s
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Contents Additional Submissions ♣
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PART I INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1
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Ogunlade Davidson I therefore urge
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Lenny Bernstein from mitigation mea
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Terry Barker, Lenny Bernstein, Ken
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller I
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller c
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller 5
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller T
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller F
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller T
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller R
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller C
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Ron Knapp The top seven coal export
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Ron Knapp would impose on the US ec
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Ron Knapp "Because of the high carb
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Ron Knapp the adverse impact of Kyo
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Davoud Ghasemzadeh and Faten Alawad
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Jonathan Stern Discussion: Impact o
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Jonathan Stern Energy Research Inst
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Jonathan Stern “Hot Air” Finall
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Table
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Servic
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Figure
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Table
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Policy
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Jonathan Pershing Fossil Fuel Impli
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Jonathan Pershing Economic Models A
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Jonathan Pershing uneven, and that
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Jonathan Pershing global oversupply
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Jonathan Pershing Table 5 Oil Produ
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Jonathan Pershing The question of t
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Jonathan Pershing Gas demand will v
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Jonathan Pershing It is necessary t
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Jonathan Pershing According to the
Page 109 and 110: Jonathan Pershing (h) Countries who
Page 111 and 112: PART III RENEWABLE ENERGY 105
Page 113 and 114: Patrick Criqui, Nikos Kouvaritakis
Page 143 and 144: José R. Moreira Discussion: Biomas
Page 145 and 146: José R. Moreira 5 Case C - Social
Page 147 and 148: José R Moreira The results indicat
Page 149 and 150: José R Moreira 7 Case E - Health D
Page 151 and 152: José R Moreira When a project is u
Page 153 and 154: Garba G. Dieudonne Impacts of Mitig
Page 155 and 156: Garba G. Dieudonne SMALL-SCALL HYDR
Page 157 and 158: Garba G. Dieudonne Issues Associate
Page 159: Garba G. Dieudonne The us of renewa
Page 163: Oliver Headley Table 1 Intense Hurr
Page 166 and 167: Renewable Energy Table 3 Examples o
Page 168 and 169: Renewable Energy Table 5 Comparison
Page 170 and 171: Transport Mitigating GHG Emissions
Page 172 and 173: Transport the two objectives is the
Page 174 and 175: Transport The rapid expansion in th
Page 176 and 177: Transport Altering the mix of vehic
Page 178 and 179: Transport in the 1990s. Railways, d
Page 180 and 181: Transport The Indian study conclude
Page 182 and 183: Transport Synergy between local and
Page 184 and 185: Transport Figure 6 Transport relate
Page 186 and 187: Transport Lack of technology data D
Page 188 and 189: Transport • 10% of the autoricksh
Page 190 and 191: Transport Categories vary in applic
Page 192 and 193: Transport innovative mechanisms suc
Page 194 and 195: Transport Clean Car Mandates: Tappi
Page 196 and 197: Transport Table 5 Tellus Institute
Page 198 and 199: Transport used cars with up to twen
Page 200 and 201: Transport for air pollution and noi
Page 202 and 203: Transport The first category has lo
Page 204 and 205: Transport Figure 4 New Light-Duty V
Page 206 and 207: Transport Figure 6 Regional Effects
Page 208 and 209: Transport There are significant dif
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Transport Figure 8 Net Energy Balan
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Transport As a last remark it is us
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PART V ENERGY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES
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Energy Intensive Industries framewo
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Energy Intensive Industries intensi
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Energy Intensive Industries a reduc
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Energy Intensive Industries column,
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Energy Intensive Industries goods f
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Energy Intensive Industries The fin
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Energy Intensive Industries Costs a
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Energy Intensive Industries Environ
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Energy Intensive Industries Figure
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Energy Intensive Industries 13% to
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Energy Intensive Industries Costs a
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Energy Intensive Industries SANEA (
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Energy Intensive Industries In the
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Energy Intensive Industries SANEA 1
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Energy Intensive Industries energy
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Energy Intensive Industries Impacts
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Energy Intensive Industries Over th
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Energy Intensive Industries natural
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Energy Intensive Industries • The
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Energy Intensive Industries element
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Energy Intensive Industries (D) Alt
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Energy Intensive Industries the ass
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Households and Services Ancilliary
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Households and Services it is based
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Households and Services • Heating
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Households and Services Impact of G
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Households and Services This defini
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Households and Services operating c
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Households and Services 3.2 Technic
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Households and Services Tennant, T.
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PART VII PANEL DISCUSSION 270
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Panel Discussion In some sectors (p
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Appendix Appendix A Meeting Program
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Appendix 1030 Coffee/Tea 1100 Sessi
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Appendix Marc Darras Gaz de France,
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