sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC

Somnath Bhattacharjee
Costs and benefits of CO 2 mitigation
An assessment of various energy saving options was carried out that would lead to substantial
reduction in CO 2 emissions. Table 4 gives a list of such measures along with the corresponding
benefits in terms of energy savings and CO 2 reduction. The cost of implementing the measures is
also presented alongwith.
As can be seen from table 4, the total energy savings that would accrue by implementing all the
listed measures is 61.33 PJ, which is 20.9% of the total primary energy use in the sector. The
reduction in CO 2 emissions will be 6 million tonnes, which is 10.3% of the total CO 2 emission by
the industry in 1995.
Table 4
Impact of measures on energy saving and CO 2 emission
Option
Specific
costs
Energy
savings
CO 2
avoided
Cost of CO 2
avoided
Adjustable speed drives -1.83 7.63 776.05 -17.99
High efficiency motors and -5.59 7.77 485.03 -54.97
drives
New preheater with precalcination
-2.35 2.20 208.01 -24.35
New cyclone preheaters -2.21 5.84 561.80 -22.97
VRMs in raw, coal, cement 17.92 6.62 672.96 176.28
mills
Roller press as pre-grinder 9.19 5.50 558.76 90.45
Mineralisers 2.89 10.05 950.41 30.55
6 stage suspension preheater -0.20 2.25 213.20 -2.11
New burners, dual firing -0.91 2.71 256.80 -9.60
system
Grate cooler modification -1.51 10.32 975.84 -15.96
Closed circuit milling -3.75 3.44 349.22 -36.93
Total 61.33 6008.08
Case study III Small-scale cast iron foundry industry
The iron foundry industry based on cupola furnaces comprises of units that are largely under the
small-scale sector. These units are in existence for very long and have some specific advantages
that most certainly ensure that they will continue to melt by far the largest production of grey
iron in future. There are more than 6000 such foundry units and these are located mostly in
clusters. At a given location, there are a large number of similar units with the size of the cluster
varying from around 100 units to as large as 400 units. There are a lot of commonality between
the units within a cluster in terms of technology level, operating practices, type of product, trade
practices, etc. The castings produced by these units are mostly low grade, low value items like
pipe fittings, sanitary ware, road furniture etc. The units are not professionally managed, and
very little investment has gone into the sector towards up gradation/modernisation of facilities.
Energy performance
Coke is the major source of energy used by the industry to melt down the metallics and other raw
materials in the cupola furnace. The sector consumes an estimated 0.8 million tonnes of coke per
annum. The operating efficiency of the furnaces is extremely low owing to a multitude of reasons
that range from improper design of furnaces, poor operating practices, poor coke quality etc.
Charge coke percentage, which is an index of furnace efficiency ranges from a low of around
227