sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC
sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC
sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC
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Somnath Bhattacharjee<br />
pre-calcinator. The kiln capacities have also gone up from 300–600 tpd in 1960s to 3000–10000<br />
tpd today. Since 1985, India became net exporter <strong>of</strong> cement with some plants even exporting<br />
clinkers.<br />
Table 2<br />
Impact <strong>of</strong> measures on energy savings <strong>and</strong> CO 2 reduction along with the cost<br />
Options<br />
Total Specific CO 2 Costs / tonne<br />
savings <strong>costs</strong> ($/GJ) avoided CO 2 avoided<br />
(PJ)<br />
(ktonne) ($/ton)<br />
Conversion <strong>of</strong> SS Boiler to FBC 2.01 7.14 190.40 75.40<br />
Boiler<br />
Installation <strong>of</strong> High Capacity 0.05 17.83 22.84 39.03<br />
Chippers<br />
Installation <strong>of</strong> Continous Digestors 4.35 1.41 483.32 12.69<br />
Modified Cooking Ener Batch/Super 3.74 1.40 408.91 12.83<br />
Batch<br />
Oxygen Delignification 0.31 47.04 148.04 98.56<br />
Installation <strong>of</strong> Falling Film 1.84 1.76 173.75 18.63<br />
Evaporators<br />
Replacing steam ejectors with 0.01 -.02 1.09 -0.18<br />
vaccum pump<br />
Disc Refiners in place <strong>of</strong> Conical 0.02 14.51 10.41 27.87<br />
refiners<br />
VSD Application in washer drum 0.01 .68 2.98 2.28<br />
drives<br />
Installation <strong>of</strong> VSD in boiler ID fan 0.01 -3.93 3.91 -10.05<br />
Installation <strong>of</strong> Trinip press 3.46 2.71 326.86 28.68<br />
Installation <strong>of</strong> DC drives in paper 0.27 -9.98 128.83 -20.91<br />
machines<br />
Total 16.06 1901.34<br />
The specific cost is calculated using the following formula:<br />
SC = (A* I + O&M - S el * P el - S fuel * P fuel )/TS p<br />
Where,<br />
SC is the specific <strong>costs</strong> ($/GJ)<br />
A is annuity factor on investments (assuming interest rate <strong>of</strong> 16%)<br />
I is investment ($)<br />
O & M is operating <strong>and</strong> maintenance <strong>costs</strong> ($/Yr.)<br />
S el is savings on electricity (GJ/Yr.)<br />
P el is price <strong>of</strong> electricity ($/GJ)<br />
S fuel is savings on fuel (GJ/Yr.)<br />
P fuel is price <strong>of</strong> fuel ($/GJ)<br />
TS p is total primary energy savings (GJ/Yr.)<br />
Energy performance<br />
Cement making is a highly energy intensive producer. At present lends <strong>of</strong> consumption the sector<br />
accounts for 18.3% <strong>of</strong> the total coal consumed by the industry sector. Electricity consumption is<br />
around 5.3% <strong>of</strong> the total industrial electricity consumption. The total energy use in the sector rose<br />
from 114.8 PJ in 1980/81 to 293.8 PJ in 1994/95.<br />
In terms <strong>of</strong> sec, there is a wide variation amongst plants because <strong>of</strong> the differences in the capacity<br />
utilisation, vintage, product mix, process <strong>of</strong> manufacture, equipment configuration etc. But<br />
globally, the sec has been on a decline as can be seen from figure 3.<br />
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