sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC

Renewable Energy
Table 2
Brazil: Social Costs of Ethanol, 1978-87 – Center-South Region
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
Autonomous distilleries:
Ethanol cost/liter: *
Agricultural 2.23 3.42 6.17 12.0 21.1 49.7 107 476 1.38 3.32
Industrial 1.84 3.22 5.48 10.8 15.2 37.0 132 316 0.70 1.92
Total 4.07 6.64 11.65 22.8 36.3 86.7 239 792 2.08 5.24
Total hydrous equivalent costs(US$)
Per liter 0.27 0.30 0.26 0.31 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.17
Per gallon 1.04 1.13 0.98 1.18 0.94 0.67 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.63
Per barrel 43.5 47.5 41.1 49.4 39.3 28.3 25.1 23.8 25.3 26.4
Oil price (US$/barrel) 12.7 17.3 28.7 32.5 33.5 29.3 28.5 26.4 11.6 16.6
Weighted cost ** 35.2 39.3 34.9 43.9 37.5 27.2 24.2 23.3 24.8 26.0
Annexed distilleries:
Ethanol cost/liter:*
Agricultural 2.14 3.11 5.28 12.4 24.4 48.5 156 660 1.49 3.39
Industrial 0.94 2.18 3.13 4.98 6.26 14.4 73 204 0.33 1.10
Total 3.08 5.29 8.41 17.4 30.7 62.9 229 864 1.82 4.49
Total hydrous equivalent costs (US$):
Per liter 0.20 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.20 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.14 0.14
Per gallon 0.75 0.86 0.66 0.86 0.76 0.44 0.57 0.63 0.51 0.52
Per barrel 31.6 36.4 27.6 36.0 32.0 18.6 23.9 26.6 21.5 21.8
Oil price (US$/barrel) 12.7 17.3 28.7 32.5 33.5 29.3 28.5 26.4 11.6 16.6
Weighted cost** 25.6 30.5 23.4 31.9 30.1 17.6 23.0 25.5 20.4 21.0
Source: - Oil prices are taken from International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistics (Washington, D.C.: IMF)
* The ethanol costs are in cruzeiros for 1978-85, and cruzados for 1986-87.
** Weighted social cost (US$/barrel) of production, which takes into account the percentage of anhydrous produced (17%-21% more efficient and 3% more
costly) relative to hydrous ethanol.
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