sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC

Garba G. Dieudonne
Issues Associated with Implementing Action
• Solar radiation varies geographically.
• Once PV equipment is purchased and installed, negligible additional costs are incurred.
Fuel costs are zero, so PV systems may be more economical over a project lifetime. PV
is becoming the power supply of choice for remote and small-power, direct current
applications of 100 W or less.
• Cost of photovoltaic-produced electricity varies with atmospheric conditions:
photovoltaic cells may loose 0.5% of their production efficiency for each degree Celsius
above their rated temperature.
• PV cannot provide continuous power without energy storage systems. Because of its
variable nature (due to the variance of sunlight), utility planners must treat a PV power
plant differently than they would treat a conventional plant.
Climate Change Impact
Condition for Emissions Mitigation:
• In some applications, back-up power generators (e.g., diesel) may be necessary; where
back-up power is necessary, some emissions will be produced.
Emission estimate:
Cost-effectiveness:
Secondary effects:
No direct GHG emissions.
$26-400/ton of CO 2 avoided (net), depending on alternate fuel
sources.
Produces no air pollutants although some systems, involve the
use of toxic materials which can pose risks in manufacture, use
and disposal.
WIND POWER
Characteristics
Size:
Features:
Cost:
Current usage:
Potential usage:
100-1000 KWe (utility-scale); 1-50 KWe (distributed power)
Grid-connected or stand-alone uses, but availability is dependent on the
presence of wind. Well-designed and well-maintained wind turbines at
windy sites can generate 1000 kWh/m2/year.
$1,000-1,200/kWe (utility-scale) (1992 dollars)
$1,900-2,200/kWe (distributed, grid-connected)
$2,400-5,600/Kwe (distributed, battery storage)
Cost is very dependent on average annual wind speed, but under ideal
conditions, electricity can be generated from wind for as little as
$0.04/kWh, making wind competitive with conventional fuels.
Nearly 8,000 MW worldwide at end of 1997, although several thousand
megawatts of additional projects have been proposed.
Total worldwide wind potential is enormous; in China alone total wind
energy potential is estimated at 250,000MW.
Issues Associated with Implementing Action
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