sectoral economic costs and benefits of ghg mitigation - IPCC

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Renewable Energy Rosenberg. N., 1982, Inside the black box: technology and economics. Cambridge University Press. Ruttan V.W. , 1996. Induced Innovation and Path Dependence : A Reassessment with Respect to Agricultural Development and the Environment, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 53, pp.41-59. Soria, A., and Isoard, St., 1998, Endogenized Technological Progress of Power Production Technologies in Energy Models, TEEM working paper. Watanabe C., and Griffy-Brown C., 1999, Inter-firm Technology Spillover and the Creation of a ‘Virtuous Cycle’ between R&D, Market Growth and Price Reduction: The Case of Photovoltaic Power Generation (PV) Development in Japan, International Workshop on Induced Technological Change and the Environment IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 21-22 June, 39pp. Weyant J. P. (1997). Technological Change and Climate Policy Modelling, IIASA Workshop on Induced Technological Change and the Environment, Laxenburg, Austria June 26-27. 136
José R. Moreira Discussion: Biomass Energy Externalities José R. Moreira 1 General Recent information (TAR, 1999; WEA, 2000) claims that 2% of the world energy supply is being provided by non-traditional renewable energy sources. They include: • liquid fuel from biomass; • biomass co-combustion; • wind energy; • solar thermal for heat and electricity; • solar photovoltaic; • methane production from solid and liquid residues and waste; • thermal generation from biomass; • small hydro electric plants. A gross accounting of the investment cost to supply energy to the world (Nakicenovic et al, 1998) shows that to support an increase of 2% / year, which means 80% increase in the period 1990-2020 (320EJ) requires 14-18 trillion US$ or (14-18/320EJ) 44-56 billion /EJ. Presently, 8EJ are being generated by non-traditional renewable energy sources which would demanded 352-450 US$ billion in investments, based in the average figure quoted above. Considering the amount of money invested in R&D in this sector (which is 20 billion)(SAR,1996) we can say that the result is remarkable. Another conclusion is that the investment has not been supported by grants and low cost money only. A significant share of the investment was made with private capital and should provide gains. 2 Are the Private Costs the Only Aspect to Consider? Relatively abundant literature exists today with the purpose to evaluate other costs not directly charged on the price of energy but which are being paid by society. Payment by society is unfair, since major energy users are subsidized by the minor ones. Such costs are called externalities. Major externalities being evaluated account for the cost of local air-pollution, global air-pollution, water contamination, health impacts and others. Externalities which are poorly accounted for are the creation of new job opportunities and the reduction on country external debt. Externalities evaluation cost is complex and requires much more R&D efforts. Presently, results from studies are so different that they represent a motivation for decision-makers avoiding to take any decision. Top down and bottom up approaches claim different advantages and difficulties, and present unsatisfactory agreement. Even so, it is worthwhile to quote some data regarding external costs as a way of calling the attention of researchers and decision maker for the importance and size of them. A) USA Indirect Profit from Ethanol Production. 137
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INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE
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Preface Preface Assessment of the s
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Contents Additional Submissions ♣
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PART I INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1
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Ogunlade Davidson I therefore urge
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Lenny Bernstein from mitigation mea
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Terry Barker, Lenny Bernstein, Ken
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller I
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller c
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller m
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller 5
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller T
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller F
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller T
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller R
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Ulrich Bartsch and Benito Müller C
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Ron Knapp The top seven coal export
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Ron Knapp would impose on the US ec
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Ron Knapp "Because of the high carb
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Ron Knapp the adverse impact of Kyo
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Davoud Ghasemzadeh and Faten Alawad
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Jonathan Stern Discussion: Impact o
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Jonathan Stern Energy Research Inst
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Jonathan Stern “Hot Air” Finall
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Table
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Servic
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Figure
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Table
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Seth Dunn and Michael Renner Policy
Page 91 and 92: Jonathan Pershing Fossil Fuel Impli
Page 93 and 94: Jonathan Pershing Economic Models A
Page 95 and 96: Jonathan Pershing uneven, and that
Page 97 and 98: Jonathan Pershing global oversupply
Page 99 and 100: Jonathan Pershing Table 5 Oil Produ
Page 101 and 102: Jonathan Pershing The question of t
Page 103 and 104: Jonathan Pershing Gas demand will v
Page 105 and 106: Jonathan Pershing It is necessary t
Page 107 and 108: Jonathan Pershing According to the
Page 109 and 110: Jonathan Pershing (h) Countries who
Page 111 and 112: PART III RENEWABLE ENERGY 105
Page 113 and 114: Patrick Criqui, Nikos Kouvaritakis
Page 141: Patrick Criqui, Nikos Kouvaritakis
Page 145 and 146: José R. Moreira 5 Case C - Social
Page 147 and 148: José R Moreira The results indicat
Page 149 and 150: José R Moreira 7 Case E - Health D
Page 151 and 152: José R Moreira When a project is u
Page 153 and 154: Garba G. Dieudonne Impacts of Mitig
Page 155 and 156: Garba G. Dieudonne SMALL-SCALL HYDR
Page 157 and 158: Garba G. Dieudonne Issues Associate
Page 159 and 160: Garba G. Dieudonne The us of renewa
Page 161 and 162: Garba G. Dieudonne cooperatives and
Page 163: Oliver Headley Table 1 Intense Hurr
Page 166 and 167: Renewable Energy Table 3 Examples o
Page 168 and 169: Renewable Energy Table 5 Comparison
Page 170 and 171: Transport Mitigating GHG Emissions
Page 172 and 173: Transport the two objectives is the
Page 174 and 175: Transport The rapid expansion in th
Page 176 and 177: Transport Altering the mix of vehic
Page 178 and 179: Transport in the 1990s. Railways, d
Page 180 and 181: Transport The Indian study conclude
Page 182 and 183: Transport Synergy between local and
Page 184 and 185: Transport Figure 6 Transport relate
Page 186 and 187: Transport Lack of technology data D
Page 188 and 189: Transport • 10% of the autoricksh
Page 190 and 191: Transport Categories vary in applic
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Transport innovative mechanisms suc
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Transport Clean Car Mandates: Tappi
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Transport Table 5 Tellus Institute
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Transport used cars with up to twen
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Transport for air pollution and noi
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Transport The first category has lo
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Transport Figure 4 New Light-Duty V
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Transport Figure 6 Regional Effects
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Transport There are significant dif
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Transport Figure 8 Net Energy Balan
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Transport As a last remark it is us
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PART V ENERGY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES
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Energy Intensive Industries framewo
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Energy Intensive Industries intensi
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Energy Intensive Industries a reduc
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Energy Intensive Industries column,
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Energy Intensive Industries goods f
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Energy Intensive Industries The fin
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Energy Intensive Industries Costs a
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Energy Intensive Industries Environ
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Energy Intensive Industries Figure
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Energy Intensive Industries 13% to
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Energy Intensive Industries Costs a
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Energy Intensive Industries SANEA (
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Energy Intensive Industries In the
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Energy Intensive Industries SANEA 1
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Energy Intensive Industries energy
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Energy Intensive Industries Impacts
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Energy Intensive Industries Over th
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Energy Intensive Industries natural
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Energy Intensive Industries • The
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Energy Intensive Industries element
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Energy Intensive Industries (D) Alt
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Energy Intensive Industries the ass
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Households and Services Ancilliary
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Households and Services it is based
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Households and Services • Heating
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Households and Services Impact of G
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Households and Services This defini
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Households and Services operating c
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Households and Services 3.2 Technic
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Households and Services Tennant, T.
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PART VII PANEL DISCUSSION 270
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Panel Discussion In some sectors (p
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Appendix Appendix A Meeting Program
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Appendix 1030 Coffee/Tea 1100 Sessi
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Appendix Marc Darras Gaz de France,
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