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The Shores Act, therefore, does not regulate and order all aspects that affect the
coastline. The distribution of responsibilities that the Spanish Constitution establishes in this
respect between the various Public Administrations gives the arrangement for territorial and
urban planning to the Regional Governments and to Town Councils (Montoya, 1991).
Turkey
The Environment Law of 1983 is a blueprint law considering the environment as a
whole. It is the basis for a range of rules to control air and water pollution, and to limit noise and
solid waste. It endorses the "polluter-pays" principle and plans the setting up of an
environmental fund that will receive pollution charges from the industries according to the
pollution hazards they represent. A percentage of the fines paid for pollution discharge will be
given to the fund and to municipalities. The law does not only aim to prevent or eliminate
pollution but also to allow for the management of natural and historical assets in order to
preserve them for future generations.
The main components of the environmental legislation as far as marine pollution is
concerned, are:
- 1985 Regulation on the Pollution Prevention fund
- 1988 Regulation on Water Pollution Control
- 1991 Regulation on Solid Waste Control
- 1993 Regulation on the Control of Harmful Chemicals and Products
- 1993 Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment
- 1993 Law changing the Municipality Income Law (Cleaning Tax)
11.2 International legal measures
Information on the EC Environment directives can be found in Capelli and Friz (1987).
More recently, the following directives were issued:
- Council Directive of December 12, 1991 concerning the protection of waters against
pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (Official Journal of the European
Communities No L 375/3 - 31/12/91).
This Directive has the objective of:
- reducing water pollution caused or induced by nitrates from agricultural sources
and
- preventing further such pollution.
The Member States are compelled to:
- Identify the polluted water bodies;
- Designate as vulnerable zones all the draining areas contributing to pollution.
In addition the Directive dictates a number of actions to be taken by the Member States
in order to set up action programmes aimed at improving agricultural practices and taking
additional measures and reinforced actions in order to meet the objectives of the Directive.
- Council Directive of May 21, 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment
(Official Journal of the European Communities No L 135/40 - 30/5/91).