MAP Technical Reports Series No. 106 UNEP

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Albania France Greece Italy Malta Monaco Spain Yugoslavia Sub-Average Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Sub-Average Cyprus Israel Lebanon Syria Turkey Sub-Average - 51 - Table 10 Livestock Population in Mediterranean Countries Cattle Sheep & Goats 199 424 77 158 37 131 224 178 70 59 55 113 89 77 61 74 18 71 339 113 Animals/1000 Inhabitants 1 630 219 1491 184 26 526 334 487 823 109 1776 748 943 880 1286 90 219 1250 1166 802 Chickens thousands 1639 3424 3037 1937 2611 1349 3110 2444 1013 1087 7490 1504 2260 2671 5979 6115 3748 1333 1217 3678 Pigs Horses Mules Asses 69 203 111 159 235 292 372 206 0 1 0 0 1 0 327 28 7 0 0 73 38 6 38 7 5 14 21 18 33 40 28 63 48 43 73 3 6 26 42 30 Buffalos & Camels Gross-Avg.: 129 695 2874 <strong>106</strong> 29 10 1 Data elaborated from: <strong>UNEP</strong> Environmental Data Report 1989/90 World Resource Institute Report 1988/89 Accordingly, the following minimum estimates would result: Nitrogen : Phosphorus : t/year t/year Domestic and related (60%) : 470,000 100,000 Animals : 120,000 to 600,000 4,000 to 20,000 Total 590,000 to 1,070,000 104,000 to 120,000 To these figures one would have to add a base export from land and unaccounted sources, which, however, would unlikely exceed an additional 25 to 35%. According to Vighi and Chiaudani (1987), the European average of diffused agricultural sources (fertilizers + background) amounts to 28% for phosphorus. Thus, the upper actual nitrogen export figures would fluctuate around some 1,450,000 t/year, and that of phosphorus around 175,000 t/year. 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 1 6 58 50 3 25 28 0 2 0 1 13 3
- 52 - A generalized Model. Essentially the same order of magnitude is obtained from a modified model approach. In this, the assumption is made that the generated total load is a function proportional to the human population and its agro-industrial potential. To this end it is assumed that the load contribution from agricultural activities (livestock and crop farming, etc.) is correlated with population density and the level of agricultural development, and the index for this latter in turn would be the amount of fertilizers used per unit of cultivated land. This avoids giving to high weight to areas of prevalently extensive agricultural utilization (e.g., sheep and goats raising), emphasizing instead intensive animal husbandry and crop farming. Indeed, there is loose inverse proportionality between sheep and goats/inh. and fertilizer use/ha (cf. Table 11). To this end the following model assumptions have been made: i) estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus generation from population is reasonably accurate; ii) of the total domestic and industrial load generated, a certain minimum fraction is retained and recycled in the basin; iii) the percent estimates of population generated loads vary within certain limits of the total basin load generated; iv) it is reasonable to assume the percent contribution of population lies within the range of 20 to 60% for nitrogen, and within 40 to 80% for phosphorus (cf. above). v) the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from land use (including both crop production and livestock raising) is a function of the level of agricultural development, which is assumed to be proportional to the intensity of fertilizer used. Under i) the population figures in Table 6 are used assuming 4.4 and 0.54 kg per capita/year metabolic production of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Under ii) the further assumption is made that the total nitrogen generated by domestic, industrial and related sources is 1.2 times and that of phosphorus 2.3 times the metabolic value (which includes polyphosphates in detergents 6 and from other sources, and that of both, nitrogen and phosphorus, 50% is retained in the basin either in treatment plants, septic tanks, or otherwise. With this simplified assumption the population values can directly be used for further calculation. iii), iv) and i) are then combined for calculating a table using different assumptions for the basic percentage to attribute to exports from the basin according to the following simplified formula: Total export = M * ex * {1 + [basic %/(100 - basic %) ] * F.f.}, where M = nitrogen or phosphorus generated by population; ex = export factor: 0.6 for nitrogen, 1.15 for phosphorus; basic % = assumption for all diffused load regardless of country; F.f. = fertilizer use factor by country as calculated in Table 9. 6 For some countries that introduced legislation to limit the polyphosphate content in detergents, like Italy, the figure 2.3 may be somewhat in excess of the present conditions.
Page 1 and 2:
In cooperation with: En coopératio
Page 3 and 4:
- i - This volume is the one-hundre
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1. INTRO
Page 7 and 8:
Page No. 6.2.2 Effect of the oxygen
Page 9 and 10: Page No. 8. MANAGEMENT OF EUTROPHIC
Page 11 and 12: - 2 - The document describes the pr
Page 13 and 14: - 4 - Visibly, eutrophication and i
Page 15 and 16: - 6 - It is to be noted that aspect
Page 17 and 18: - 8 - A significant number of macro
Page 19 and 20: - 10 - Because of incomplete transf
Page 21 and 22: 3.2.2 Metabolic processes - 12 - 3.
Page 23 and 24: - 14 - mineralization occurs essent
Page 26 and 27: or, - 17 - SO 4 2- [S] S2 - SO 4
Page 28 and 29: - 19 - specific algal blooms. Also
Page 30 and 31: - 21 - and oxygen consumption due t
Page 32: - 23 - conditions, the geochemical
Page 38 and 39: - 29 - confounded with source emiss
Page 40 and 41: - 31 - Table 2 Export Coefficients
Page 43 and 44: - 34 - Table 3 Origin of Nitrogen a
Page 45 and 46: - 36 - Table 4 Estimated Nitrogen a
Page 47 and 48: - 38 - Table 5 River Po: Nitrogen a
Page 49 and 50: - 40 - In conclusion, the procedure
Page 51 and 52: - 42 - Mapping of this sort could b
Page 53: - 44 - and flux pattern of nitrogen
Page 56 and 57: Albania France 2 Greece Italy 2 Mal
Page 59: - 50 - Table 9 Land Use and Trend i
Page 63 and 64: - 54 - Table 12a Livestock Populati
Page 65 and 66: - 56 - Table 13a Estimated Total Ni
Page 67 and 68: - 58 - representing about 50 to 60%
Page 69 and 70: - 60 - otherwise natural yet low su
Page 71 and 72: - 62 - Transfer through, and exchan
Page 73 and 74: - 64 - the required deficit to acco
Page 75 and 76: A) Morphometry Surface sqkm Mediter
Page 78: - 69 - winter months (Del Rio et al
Page 81 and 82: - 72 - widespread, with secondary e
Page 83 and 84: Sardinia - 74 - In general, the coa
Page 86: - 77 - soluble nitrogen salts and a
Page 90 and 91: - 81 - bloom of Noctiluca miliaris
Page 92: - 83 - in 1984 (Pucher-Petkovic et
Page 95: - 86 - dead), etc. are occluded. As
Page 98 and 99: - 89 - Bay of Thessaloniki (north-w
Page 100 and 101: - 91 - Southern coasts. Basturk et
Page 102 and 103: - 93 - Since the '60s the inputs fr
Page 104 and 105: - 95 - which occur in all the seas
Page 107 and 108: - 98 - Initially, there is a revers
Page 109 and 110: - 100 - (c) Acute toxicity tests on
Page 111 and 112:
- 102 - 6.2.1 Effect of oxygen defi
Page 113 and 114:
- 104 - Naticarius millepunctatus (
Page 115:
- 106 - Observations in the field h
Page 118:
- 109 - This environmental disturba
Page 121 and 122:
- 112 - In regard to considering th
Page 125 and 126:
- 116 - was recorded in Spain (63 c
Page 127:
- 118 - 7.2.1.8 Human intoxication:
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7.2.2 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisonin
Page 133 and 134:
- 124 - 7.2.2.4 DSP occurrence in t
Page 135 and 136:
- 126 - Transplantation of mussels
Page 137 and 138:
- 128 - shellfish production sites
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- 130 - 7.3.1.4 Occurrence of Proro
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- 133 - act to open membrane channe
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- 137 - Mechanism of action. While
Page 150 and 151:
- 140 - 7.4 General facts on eutrop
Page 153 and 154:
- 143 - Cycle B: refers to aspects
Page 155 and 156:
- 145 - - Protection of human healt
Page 157 and 158:
- 147 - coverage of the sources of
Page 159 and 160:
- 149 - Forcing functions such as i
Page 161 and 162:
10.1 Elimination of nutrients at so
Page 163 and 164:
- 153 - presents also a risk, parti
Page 165 and 166:
- 155 - - inland water management;
Page 167 and 168:
- 157 - The Shores Act, therefore,
Page 169 and 170:
13.2 Assessment of the present stat
Page 171 and 172:
- 161 - Appendix I MEASUREMENTS OF
Page 173 and 174:
- 163 - biogenic sestonic organic m
Page 175 and 176:
- 165 - Alam, M., Y. Shimizu, M. Ik
Page 177 and 178:
- 167 - Ballantine, D. and B.C. Abb
Page 179 and 180:
- 169 - Bombace, G. (1985). Eutrofi
Page 181 and 182:
- 171 - Capria A. (1988). Direttive
Page 183 and 184:
- 173 - Chiaudani, G., G. Gaggino,
Page 185 and 186:
- 175 - Cummins, J.M., A.C. Jones a
Page 187 and 188:
- 177 - Doyle, J. M. Parker, T. Dun
Page 189 and 190:
- 179 - Franco, P. and A. Michelato
Page 191 and 192:
- 181 - Giovanardi, G. and E. Trome
Page 193 and 194:
- 183 - Hickel, W. (1991). Long-ter
Page 195 and 196:
- 185 - Justic, D. (1987). Long-ter
Page 197 and 198:
- 187 - Krogh, P., L. Edlar, E. Gra
Page 199 and 200:
- 189 - Lüthy, J. (1979). Epidemic
Page 201 and 202:
- 191 - Martin, D.F. and A.B. Chatt
Page 203 and 204:
- 193 - Moro, I. and C. Andreoli (1
Page 205 and 206:
- 195 - Pagou, K. and L. Ignatiades
Page 207 and 208:
- 197 - Precali, R. (1995). Analysi
Page 209 and 210:
- 199 - Revelante, N., W.T. William
Page 211 and 212:
- 201 - Sampayo, M.A. de M., P. Alv
Page 213 and 214:
- 203 - Skagshaug, E. and Y. Olsen
Page 215 and 216:
- 205 - Takai, A., C. Bialojan, M.
Page 217 and 218:
- 207 - Vatova, A. (1949). La fauna
Page 219 and 220:
- 209 - Vollenweider, R.A. and A.A.
Page 221 and 222:
- 211 - Yentch, C.S. and R.F. Vacca
Page 223 and 224:
TABLE DES MATIERES Page No. 1. INTR
Page 225 and 226:
Page No. 6.2 Dommages occasionnés
Page 227 and 228:
Page No. 7.3.6 Les toxines de cyano
Page 229 and 230:
1. INTRODUCTION - 221 - Aux termes
Page 231 and 232:
- 223 - - élimination/réduction d
Page 233 and 234:
- 225 - bien au-delà, alors que l'
Page 235 and 236:
- 227 - 3. CAUSES ET MECANISMES DE
Page 237 and 238:
3.1.2 Producteurs secondaires - 229
Page 239 and 240:
- 231 - En raison du transfert inco
Page 241 and 242:
- 233 - C 106N 16H 180O 44(PO 4)SH
Page 243 and 244:
- 235 - qui excèdent l'unité 4 .
Page 245:
- 237 - Azote. La séquence est com
Page 248 and 249:
- 240 - L'agrégation hiérarchique
Page 250 and 251:
- 242 - brassage en profondeur, des
Page 252 and 253:
- 244 - la méthode retenue pour ca
Page 256:
- 248 - de traitement secondaire, c
Page 260 and 261:
- 252 - kg/jour, t/année, etc., ma
Page 262 and 263:
4.3.3 Voies de cheminement et flux
Page 265 and 266:
- 257 - l'ammoniaque et de l'urée
Page 267 and 268:
- 259 - Tableau 4 Exportations esti
Page 269 and 270:
- 261 - Tableau 5 Le Pô: exportati
Page 271 and 272:
- 263 - correcte à la question, on
Page 273 and 274:
- 265 - Val d'Aoste, Lombardie, Emi
Page 275:
- 267 - La comparaison entre ces es
Page 278 and 279:
- 270 - Tableau 7 Population par pa
Page 280:
- 272 - des polyphosphates des dét
Page 283 and 284:
Albanie France Grèce Italie Malte
Page 285 and 286:
- 277 - ii) sur la charge domestiqu
Page 287 and 288:
- 279 - sont retenus dans le bassin
Page 289 and 290:
- 281 - Tableau 13b Estimation de l
Page 291 and 292:
- 283 - Tableau 14 Régions et fleu
Page 293 and 294:
Région 1 Alboran 2 Nord-ouest 3 Su
Page 295 and 296:
- 287 - d'éléments nutritifs d'or
Page 297 and 298:
- 289 - Une autre perspective qu'on
Page 299:
- 291 - En raison de cet afflux et
Page 302:
- 294 - ont été observées en div
Page 305 and 306:
- 297 - périodes; on l'observe par
Page 307 and 308:
Sardaigne - 299 - Dans l'ensemble,
Page 310:
- 302 - La situation des eaux côti
Page 314 and 315:
- 306 - des courants à direction s
Page 316 and 317:
- 308 - bassins hydrographiques de
Page 319 and 320:
- 311 - Les causes de la grave dét
Page 322 and 323:
- 314 - Cependant, dans des diverse
Page 324 and 325:
- 316 - dominants ont tendance à s
Page 326 and 327:
5.2.10 Israël. Méditerranée orie
Page 328 and 329:
- 320 - reçoit 75% des apports dus
Page 330 and 331:
6.1.1 Dinophycées - 322 - Les pull
Page 333 and 334:
- 325 - polysaccharide, 26 groupeme
Page 335 and 336:
- 327 - d'"eaux anormalement color
Page 337 and 338:
- 329 - 6.2 Dommages occasionnés a
Page 339 and 340:
- 331 - Lors de l'épisode de morta
Page 341 and 342:
- 333 - dans la recolonisation des
Page 344 and 345:
- 336 - L'étude d'impact sur l'env
Page 347 and 348:
- 339 - naturelle et anthropique so
Page 349:
- 341 - Des données récentes indi
Page 353 and 354:
- 345 - Des échantillons de planct
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- 347 - sur les canaux ioniques. Le
Page 358:
- 350 - sacculus, Prorocentrum lima
Page 361 and 362:
- 353 - algales liposolubles, confo
Page 363 and 364:
- 355 - Des moules toxiques du nord
Page 365 and 366:
- 357 - encore procédé à une év
Page 367 and 368:
- 359 - l'expansion progressive ver
Page 370:
- 362 - canadienne actuelle, s'appl
Page 374 and 375:
- 366 - éliminent 60% de la toxine
Page 376:
- 368 - des proliférations de phyt
Page 379:
- 371 - En dehors des effets négat
Page 382 and 383:
- 374 - autrement dit le temps néc
Page 384 and 385:
- 376 - l'eutrophisation, sauf prè
Page 386 and 387:
- 378 - Quand des aspects important
Page 388 and 389:
- 380 - Le type de traitement et de
Page 390 and 391:
- 382 - d'épuration. L'épandage e
Page 392 and 393:
- 384 - moyen de canalisations pos
Page 394 and 395:
Espagne - 386 - - La loi relative a
Page 396 and 397:
Turquie - 388 - La loi sur l'enviro
Page 398 and 399:
- 390 - POL - Phase II), mené dans
Page 400 and 401:
- 392 - Appendice I MESURES DE LA B
Page 402 and 403:
- 394 - La détermination respectiv
Page 404 and 405:
- 396 - Alam, M., N.M. Trieff, S.M.
Page 406 and 407:
- 398 - Balci, A., F. Kucuksezgin,
Page 408 and 409:
- 400 - Bodeanu, N. and M. Usurelu
Page 410 and 411:
- 402 - Capelli F. and E. Friz (198
Page 412 and 413:
- 404 - Chiaudani, G, R. Marchetti
Page 414 and 415:
- 406 - Cummins, J.M., A.A. Stevens
Page 416 and 417:
- 408 - Dowidar, N.M. and T.A. Abou
Page 418 and 419:
- 410 - Fraga, S., J. Marino, I. Br
Page 420 and 421:
- 412 - Giordani, P. (1990b). Il mo
Page 422 and 423:
- 414 - Hescheler, J., G. Mieskes,
Page 424 and 425:
- 416 - Jørgensen, B.B. (1980). Se
Page 426 and 427:
- 418 - Krogh, P. (1989). Report of
Page 428 and 429:
- 420 - Lüthy, J. (1979). Epidemic
Page 430 and 431:
- 422 - Martin, J.-M., F. Elbaz-Pou
Page 432 and 433:
- 424 - Morton, B. (1989). Pollutio
Page 434 and 435:
- 426 - Paulmier, G. (1977). Note s
Page 436 and 437:
- 428 - Provini, A., G.F. Gaggino a
Page 438 and 439:
- 430 - Riggio, S., G. D'Anna and M
Page 440 and 441:
- 432 - Sato, S., P. Nogueira, M. P
Page 442 and 443:
- 434 - Solomon, A.E. and R.B. Stou
Page 444 and 445:
- 436 - Taylor, F.Y.R. (1990). Toxi
Page 446 and 447:
- 438 - Viviani, R. (1977a). Aspett
Page 448 and 449:
- 440 - Vukadin, I. (1992). Impact
Page 450 and 451:
- 442 - Zevenboom, W., M. Rademaker
Page 452 and 453:
- 444 - 14. UNEP: Experience of Med
Page 454 and 455:
- 446 - 46. UNEP/WHO: Epidemiologic
Page 456 and 457:
- 448 - 75. UNEP/WHO: Development a
Page 458 and 459:
- 450 - PUBLICATIONS "MAP TECHNICAL
Page 460 and 461:
- 452 - 28. PNUE: Etat du milieu ma
Page 462 and 463:
- 454 - 59. PNUE/FAO/AIEA: Actes de
Page 464 and 465:
- 456 - 90. PNUE: Projet de la Baie
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