MAP Technical Reports Series No. 106 UNEP

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Region Name 1 Alboran Spain Morocco Total 2 Northwest Spain France Italy Total 3 Southwest Spain Algeria Italy Total 4 Tyrrhenian Italy Tunisia Total 5 Adriatic Italy Yugoslavia Albania Total 6 Ionian Greece Italy Total - 59 - Table 14 Regions and Rivers of the Mediterranean State Rivers Discharge m 3 /sec 7 Central 0 8 Aegean Greece Turkey Total 9 Northeast Turkey Cyprus Total 10 Southeast Israel Egypt Total Surface 10 3 sqkm Load Estimates* Nitrogen 10 3 t/y Phosphorus 10 3 t/y 1 5 6 120.2 56.42 121.71 16.55 9 8 1 18 2725.7 229.25 297.60 40.47 1 5 1 7 107 79.4 99.25 13.50 3 1 4 388 46.9 58.63 7.97 11 4 3 18 3365.2 145.75 182.19 24.78 1 1 2 180 1.4 29.51 4.01 6 1 7 1020 80.65 169.47 23.05 3 1 4 431.02 41.33 51.66 7.03 2 1 3 501.02 2961.2 1.50 0.20 Totals 8838.14 3642.3 1011.52 137.57 Discharge and Basin Data from UNEP, 1984 Note: a few lacking surface areas have been interpolated * Export Coeff. used: Nitrogen 1.25 t/sqkm.y; Phosphorus 0.17t/sqkm.y Load Estimates of Region 10 do not include River Nile Loads
- 60 - otherwise natural yet low supply of many inorganic and organic compounds. Aeolian deposition occurs essentially either as dry deposition of particulates resulting largely from erosion and wind transport (e.g., fertilizers whirled up), or as wet washouts by precipitation. According to GESAMP (1989) wet aeolian nitrogen deposition makes out about 60 to 70 % of total oceanic deposition globally. Also, of the total about 60% is in the form of oxidized nitrogen species. Flux rates vary considerably from region to region, but are highest in the Northern Hemisphere. Mean North Atlantic fluxes rates have been estimated to 0.24 g/m 2 .year, but over the North Sea and the Baltic, flux rates of 0.6 to 1 g/m 2 .year are more typical, likely due to the high amounts of fertilizers applied in surrounding countries (cf. also Vollenweider, 1968). On the other hand, the value of 4.1 g/m 2 .year given for the Western Mediterranean (Martin et al., 1989), appears not to be acceptably high for the Mediterranean as a whole. Aeolian nitrogen supply in the Northwestern Mediterranean would then equal that of rivers and direct discharges (350 versus 400 thousand t/year; l.c.). Taking instead a more conservative value of 0.1 - 0.2 g/m 2 for the whole Mediterranean, which is more in line with (though still higher) Béthoux's estimate of 0.075 g/m 2 .y measured near Nice (Béthoux, 1986); then the aeolian nitrogen input could be in the order of 250,000 to 500,000 t/year. As with river inputs, most of it would likely be deposited along the Northern arc. Disregarding these uncertainties, aeolian nitrogen deposition to the Mediterranean Sea is probably making a substantial contribution to the total nitrogen load. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on the Mediterranean Sea from anthropogenic landbased sources in 1991 (Table 15) amounted to 648 x 10 3 t/year for oxidized nitrogen (NO x), 419 x 10 3 t/year for reduced nitrogen (NH y) and 1,067 x 10 3 t/year for total nitrogen (N tot) as calculated by the Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East (MSC-E) of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) being implemented under the UN ECE Convention on Longrange Transboundary Air Pollution (Erdman et al., 1994). The deposition densities (flux rates) of total nitrogen were the highest in the Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Aegean Sea and northwestern Mediterranean (1.09; 0.71; 0.61 and 0.60 g/m 2 .year respectively) and the lowest in the Alboran and south-east regions (0.20 and 0.26 g/m 2 .year respectively). The average deposition density of total nitrogen over the Mediterranean Sea was 0.46 g/m 2 .year. The calculations were made on the basis of real meteorological conditions in 1991 and atmospheric emission data either provided by the governments or estimated by MSC-E (Table 16). It should be noted that 31% of total nitrogen (39% or NO x and 18% of NH y) came from non-Mediterranean countries. Among the Mediterranean countries the biggest contributors of airborne nitrogen deposited to the sea are Italy (29%), Greece (11%), France (11%), Spain (10%) and Turkey (5%). Estimates about aeolian phosphorus fluxes are more scanty globally. Inland fluxes of some 10 to 50 mg/m 2 .year have been found, and it may be reasonable to estimate the aeolian load to the Mediterranean to range between 25,000 to 50,000 t/y. Nevertheless, it is not warranted at this time to consider such figures as final. e) Black Sea and Atlantic Sea exchange load. The mean Black Sea net water exchange is in the order of 6,000 m 3 /sec (12,600-6,100 m 3 /sec), and that of the Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar amounts to some 70,000 m 3 /sec (1,750,000-1,680,000 m 3 /sec), both toward the Mediterranean (Svedrup, 1943). Recent estimates of the Atlantic exchange made by Béthoux (1979) are slightly lower but not essentially different (1680,000 and 1600,000, or 53 and 50.5*10 12 m 3 .year, respectively).
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In cooperation with: En coopératio
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- i - This volume is the one-hundre
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1. INTRO
Page 7 and 8:
Page No. 6.2.2 Effect of the oxygen
Page 9 and 10:
Page No. 8. MANAGEMENT OF EUTROPHIC
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- 2 - The document describes the pr
Page 13 and 14:
- 4 - Visibly, eutrophication and i
Page 15 and 16:
- 6 - It is to be noted that aspect
Page 17 and 18: - 8 - A significant number of macro
Page 19 and 20: - 10 - Because of incomplete transf
Page 21 and 22: 3.2.2 Metabolic processes - 12 - 3.
Page 23 and 24: - 14 - mineralization occurs essent
Page 26 and 27: or, - 17 - SO 4 2- [S] S2 - SO 4
Page 28 and 29: - 19 - specific algal blooms. Also
Page 30 and 31: - 21 - and oxygen consumption due t
Page 32: - 23 - conditions, the geochemical
Page 38 and 39: - 29 - confounded with source emiss
Page 40 and 41: - 31 - Table 2 Export Coefficients
Page 43 and 44: - 34 - Table 3 Origin of Nitrogen a
Page 45 and 46: - 36 - Table 4 Estimated Nitrogen a
Page 47 and 48: - 38 - Table 5 River Po: Nitrogen a
Page 49 and 50: - 40 - In conclusion, the procedure
Page 51 and 52: - 42 - Mapping of this sort could b
Page 53: - 44 - and flux pattern of nitrogen
Page 56 and 57: Albania France 2 Greece Italy 2 Mal
Page 59 and 60: - 50 - Table 9 Land Use and Trend i
Page 61 and 62: - 52 - A generalized Model. Essenti
Page 63 and 64: - 54 - Table 12a Livestock Populati
Page 65 and 66: - 56 - Table 13a Estimated Total Ni
Page 67: - 58 - representing about 50 to 60%
Page 71 and 72: - 62 - Transfer through, and exchan
Page 73 and 74: - 64 - the required deficit to acco
Page 75 and 76: A) Morphometry Surface sqkm Mediter
Page 78: - 69 - winter months (Del Rio et al
Page 81 and 82: - 72 - widespread, with secondary e
Page 83 and 84: Sardinia - 74 - In general, the coa
Page 86: - 77 - soluble nitrogen salts and a
Page 90 and 91: - 81 - bloom of Noctiluca miliaris
Page 92: - 83 - in 1984 (Pucher-Petkovic et
Page 95: - 86 - dead), etc. are occluded. As
Page 98 and 99: - 89 - Bay of Thessaloniki (north-w
Page 100 and 101: - 91 - Southern coasts. Basturk et
Page 102 and 103: - 93 - Since the '60s the inputs fr
Page 104 and 105: - 95 - which occur in all the seas
Page 107 and 108: - 98 - Initially, there is a revers
Page 109 and 110: - 100 - (c) Acute toxicity tests on
Page 111 and 112: - 102 - 6.2.1 Effect of oxygen defi
Page 113 and 114: - 104 - Naticarius millepunctatus (
Page 115: - 106 - Observations in the field h
Page 118:
- 109 - This environmental disturba
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- 112 - In regard to considering th
Page 125 and 126:
- 116 - was recorded in Spain (63 c
Page 127:
- 118 - 7.2.1.8 Human intoxication:
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7.2.2 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisonin
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- 124 - 7.2.2.4 DSP occurrence in t
Page 135 and 136:
- 126 - Transplantation of mussels
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- 128 - shellfish production sites
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- 130 - 7.3.1.4 Occurrence of Proro
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- 133 - act to open membrane channe
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- 137 - Mechanism of action. While
Page 150 and 151:
- 140 - 7.4 General facts on eutrop
Page 153 and 154:
- 143 - Cycle B: refers to aspects
Page 155 and 156:
- 145 - - Protection of human healt
Page 157 and 158:
- 147 - coverage of the sources of
Page 159 and 160:
- 149 - Forcing functions such as i
Page 161 and 162:
10.1 Elimination of nutrients at so
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- 153 - presents also a risk, parti
Page 165 and 166:
- 155 - - inland water management;
Page 167 and 168:
- 157 - The Shores Act, therefore,
Page 169 and 170:
13.2 Assessment of the present stat
Page 171 and 172:
- 161 - Appendix I MEASUREMENTS OF
Page 173 and 174:
- 163 - biogenic sestonic organic m
Page 175 and 176:
- 165 - Alam, M., Y. Shimizu, M. Ik
Page 177 and 178:
- 167 - Ballantine, D. and B.C. Abb
Page 179 and 180:
- 169 - Bombace, G. (1985). Eutrofi
Page 181 and 182:
- 171 - Capria A. (1988). Direttive
Page 183 and 184:
- 173 - Chiaudani, G., G. Gaggino,
Page 185 and 186:
- 175 - Cummins, J.M., A.C. Jones a
Page 187 and 188:
- 177 - Doyle, J. M. Parker, T. Dun
Page 189 and 190:
- 179 - Franco, P. and A. Michelato
Page 191 and 192:
- 181 - Giovanardi, G. and E. Trome
Page 193 and 194:
- 183 - Hickel, W. (1991). Long-ter
Page 195 and 196:
- 185 - Justic, D. (1987). Long-ter
Page 197 and 198:
- 187 - Krogh, P., L. Edlar, E. Gra
Page 199 and 200:
- 189 - Lüthy, J. (1979). Epidemic
Page 201 and 202:
- 191 - Martin, D.F. and A.B. Chatt
Page 203 and 204:
- 193 - Moro, I. and C. Andreoli (1
Page 205 and 206:
- 195 - Pagou, K. and L. Ignatiades
Page 207 and 208:
- 197 - Precali, R. (1995). Analysi
Page 209 and 210:
- 199 - Revelante, N., W.T. William
Page 211 and 212:
- 201 - Sampayo, M.A. de M., P. Alv
Page 213 and 214:
- 203 - Skagshaug, E. and Y. Olsen
Page 215 and 216:
- 205 - Takai, A., C. Bialojan, M.
Page 217 and 218:
- 207 - Vatova, A. (1949). La fauna
Page 219 and 220:
- 209 - Vollenweider, R.A. and A.A.
Page 221 and 222:
- 211 - Yentch, C.S. and R.F. Vacca
Page 223 and 224:
TABLE DES MATIERES Page No. 1. INTR
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Page No. 6.2 Dommages occasionnés
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Page No. 7.3.6 Les toxines de cyano
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1. INTRODUCTION - 221 - Aux termes
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- 223 - - élimination/réduction d
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- 225 - bien au-delà, alors que l'
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- 227 - 3. CAUSES ET MECANISMES DE
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3.1.2 Producteurs secondaires - 229
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- 231 - En raison du transfert inco
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- 233 - C 106N 16H 180O 44(PO 4)SH
Page 243 and 244:
- 235 - qui excèdent l'unité 4 .
Page 245:
- 237 - Azote. La séquence est com
Page 248 and 249:
- 240 - L'agrégation hiérarchique
Page 250 and 251:
- 242 - brassage en profondeur, des
Page 252 and 253:
- 244 - la méthode retenue pour ca
Page 256:
- 248 - de traitement secondaire, c
Page 260 and 261:
- 252 - kg/jour, t/année, etc., ma
Page 262 and 263:
4.3.3 Voies de cheminement et flux
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- 257 - l'ammoniaque et de l'urée
Page 267 and 268:
- 259 - Tableau 4 Exportations esti
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- 261 - Tableau 5 Le Pô: exportati
Page 271 and 272:
- 263 - correcte à la question, on
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- 265 - Val d'Aoste, Lombardie, Emi
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- 267 - La comparaison entre ces es
Page 278 and 279:
- 270 - Tableau 7 Population par pa
Page 280:
- 272 - des polyphosphates des dét
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Albanie France Grèce Italie Malte
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- 277 - ii) sur la charge domestiqu
Page 287 and 288:
- 279 - sont retenus dans le bassin
Page 289 and 290:
- 281 - Tableau 13b Estimation de l
Page 291 and 292:
- 283 - Tableau 14 Régions et fleu
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Région 1 Alboran 2 Nord-ouest 3 Su
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- 287 - d'éléments nutritifs d'or
Page 297 and 298:
- 289 - Une autre perspective qu'on
Page 299:
- 291 - En raison de cet afflux et
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- 294 - ont été observées en div
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- 297 - périodes; on l'observe par
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Sardaigne - 299 - Dans l'ensemble,
Page 310:
- 302 - La situation des eaux côti
Page 314 and 315:
- 306 - des courants à direction s
Page 316 and 317:
- 308 - bassins hydrographiques de
Page 319 and 320:
- 311 - Les causes de la grave dét
Page 322 and 323:
- 314 - Cependant, dans des diverse
Page 324 and 325:
- 316 - dominants ont tendance à s
Page 326 and 327:
5.2.10 Israël. Méditerranée orie
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- 320 - reçoit 75% des apports dus
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6.1.1 Dinophycées - 322 - Les pull
Page 333 and 334:
- 325 - polysaccharide, 26 groupeme
Page 335 and 336:
- 327 - d'"eaux anormalement color
Page 337 and 338:
- 329 - 6.2 Dommages occasionnés a
Page 339 and 340:
- 331 - Lors de l'épisode de morta
Page 341 and 342:
- 333 - dans la recolonisation des
Page 344 and 345:
- 336 - L'étude d'impact sur l'env
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- 339 - naturelle et anthropique so
Page 349:
- 341 - Des données récentes indi
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- 345 - Des échantillons de planct
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- 347 - sur les canaux ioniques. Le
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- 350 - sacculus, Prorocentrum lima
Page 361 and 362:
- 353 - algales liposolubles, confo
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- 355 - Des moules toxiques du nord
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- 357 - encore procédé à une év
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- 359 - l'expansion progressive ver
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- 362 - canadienne actuelle, s'appl
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- 366 - éliminent 60% de la toxine
Page 376:
- 368 - des proliférations de phyt
Page 379:
- 371 - En dehors des effets négat
Page 382 and 383:
- 374 - autrement dit le temps néc
Page 384 and 385:
- 376 - l'eutrophisation, sauf prè
Page 386 and 387:
- 378 - Quand des aspects important
Page 388 and 389:
- 380 - Le type de traitement et de
Page 390 and 391:
- 382 - d'épuration. L'épandage e
Page 392 and 393:
- 384 - moyen de canalisations pos
Page 394 and 395:
Espagne - 386 - - La loi relative a
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Turquie - 388 - La loi sur l'enviro
Page 398 and 399:
- 390 - POL - Phase II), mené dans
Page 400 and 401:
- 392 - Appendice I MESURES DE LA B
Page 402 and 403:
- 394 - La détermination respectiv
Page 404 and 405:
- 396 - Alam, M., N.M. Trieff, S.M.
Page 406 and 407:
- 398 - Balci, A., F. Kucuksezgin,
Page 408 and 409:
- 400 - Bodeanu, N. and M. Usurelu
Page 410 and 411:
- 402 - Capelli F. and E. Friz (198
Page 412 and 413:
- 404 - Chiaudani, G, R. Marchetti
Page 414 and 415:
- 406 - Cummins, J.M., A.A. Stevens
Page 416 and 417:
- 408 - Dowidar, N.M. and T.A. Abou
Page 418 and 419:
- 410 - Fraga, S., J. Marino, I. Br
Page 420 and 421:
- 412 - Giordani, P. (1990b). Il mo
Page 422 and 423:
- 414 - Hescheler, J., G. Mieskes,
Page 424 and 425:
- 416 - Jørgensen, B.B. (1980). Se
Page 426 and 427:
- 418 - Krogh, P. (1989). Report of
Page 428 and 429:
- 420 - Lüthy, J. (1979). Epidemic
Page 430 and 431:
- 422 - Martin, J.-M., F. Elbaz-Pou
Page 432 and 433:
- 424 - Morton, B. (1989). Pollutio
Page 434 and 435:
- 426 - Paulmier, G. (1977). Note s
Page 436 and 437:
- 428 - Provini, A., G.F. Gaggino a
Page 438 and 439:
- 430 - Riggio, S., G. D'Anna and M
Page 440 and 441:
- 432 - Sato, S., P. Nogueira, M. P
Page 442 and 443:
- 434 - Solomon, A.E. and R.B. Stou
Page 444 and 445:
- 436 - Taylor, F.Y.R. (1990). Toxi
Page 446 and 447:
- 438 - Viviani, R. (1977a). Aspett
Page 448 and 449:
- 440 - Vukadin, I. (1992). Impact
Page 450 and 451:
- 442 - Zevenboom, W., M. Rademaker
Page 452 and 453:
- 444 - 14. UNEP: Experience of Med
Page 454 and 455:
- 446 - 46. UNEP/WHO: Epidemiologic
Page 456 and 457:
- 448 - 75. UNEP/WHO: Development a
Page 458 and 459:
- 450 - PUBLICATIONS "MAP TECHNICAL
Page 460 and 461:
- 452 - 28. PNUE: Etat du milieu ma
Page 462 and 463:
- 454 - 59. PNUE/FAO/AIEA: Actes de
Page 464 and 465:
- 456 - 90. PNUE: Projet de la Baie
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