MAP Technical Reports Series No. 106 UNEP

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- 65 - in view of the projected population increase (cf. Chpt. 5) and its related activities, these problems will become aggravated over the next 25 years. However, it follows also that though coastal eutrophication in the Mediterranean is a widespread problem, it can be brought under control if the political will exists to take the necessary measures. 5. EXTENT OF EUTROPHICATION AND ALGAL BLOOMS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN 5.1 General description of the Mediterranean The Mediterranean is an intercontinental sea. On the north, it laps the coasts of southern Europe, on the south <strong>No</strong>rth Africa and on the east Asia Minor. The Italian peninsula and Sicily divide the Mediterranean into two basins, the west and the east, communicating through the channel of Sicily. The length of the main east-west axis is 3,860 km.; although the average width is not over 700 km, maximum width is approx. 1,800 km. The average depth of the Mediterranean has been estimated to be 1,502 meters. The greatest depth is found at the Matapan trench, located in the eastern basin, at 4,632 meters. In the western basin, maximum depth is southwest of the Island of Ponza (Tyrrhenian Sea), at 3,731 meters, cf. Table 19. Excluding the Black Sea, the area of the Mediterranean is 2,556,000 square kilometers. Compared to other oceans, the Atlantic for example, which has a surface of 85,620,000 square kilometers, the extension of the Mediterranean Sea basin ranges among those of modest dimensions. Given the latitude at which the Mediterranean is located, the temperature of the surface waters varies significantly with seasons. Temperature variations and rang ranges are more marked on the northern side of the basin, less on the southern and eastern parts. The difference in temperature in the northwest Adriatic is significant; a variation of 24EC can be measured between winter lows (+4EC) and summer highs (+28EC). Due to strong evaporation and to limited fluvial input, the average salinity is generally much higher than in the other oceans. Around Gibraltar, the salinity is near 36 per thousand; as one moves eastward, the average salinity increases, reaching a level of 39.5 in the eastern basin. The high level of evaporation not compensated by fluvial or meteorological inputs leads to a positive exchange balance with mostly surface inflow of waters from the Atlantic. As far as a total estimate of inflow (Atlantic and Black Sea inputs, fluvial input, precipitation), and outflow (evaporation, Mediterranean outputs to the Atlantic and Black Sea) is concerned, see Table 19. Accordingly, the hydrological balance is principally maintained by the inflow of masses of oceanic water entering from the Strait of Gibraltar. Due to this inflow and the earth's rotation, an anti-clockwise current is generated which, on the south side of the basin, moves from west to east, and in the opposite direction on the north side. Due to the basin conformation, there are secondary eddies in the Tyrrhenian, the Aegean and the Adriatic, moving in an anti-clockwise direction as well. However, in the Alboran Sea modified atlantic waters move mostly clockwise, and waters are slit to form the Almeria-ran jet (cf. below). In the Adriatic the abstraction of Mediterranean waters is activated mainly by density currents generated by fluvial inputs (Po, etc.) into the northwestern part of the basin.
A) Morphometry Surface sqkm Mediterranean: Basins: Alboran basin Western basin Golf of Lyon Ligurian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Adriatic Sea <strong>No</strong>rth Adriatic (Golf of Venice) Middle Adriatic Ioanina Sea Aegean Sea Eastern Basin B) Water Budget (cf. Svedrup 1943) Gains: Inflow from the Atlantic Ocean Inflow from the Black Sea Precipitation Runoff Losses: Outflow to the Atlantic Ocean Outflow to the Black Sea Evaporation Eutrophication - 66 - Table 19 Hydrographic data of the Mediterranean sea 2,505,000 275,000 132,000 50,000 196,000 Total Total Depth Max m 5,020 1,470 3,068 2,560 3,550 1,260 5,020 2,530 3,432 Mean m 1,450
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In cooperation with: En coopératio
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- i - This volume is the one-hundre
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1. INTRO
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Page No. 6.2.2 Effect of the oxygen
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Page No. 8. MANAGEMENT OF EUTROPHIC
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- 2 - The document describes the pr
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- 4 - Visibly, eutrophication and i
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- 6 - It is to be noted that aspect
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- 8 - A significant number of macro
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- 10 - Because of incomplete transf
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3.2.2 Metabolic processes - 12 - 3.
Page 23 and 24: - 14 - mineralization occurs essent
Page 26 and 27: or, - 17 - SO 4 2- [S] S2 - SO 4
Page 28 and 29: - 19 - specific algal blooms. Also
Page 30 and 31: - 21 - and oxygen consumption due t
Page 32: - 23 - conditions, the geochemical
Page 38 and 39: - 29 - confounded with source emiss
Page 40 and 41: - 31 - Table 2 Export Coefficients
Page 43 and 44: - 34 - Table 3 Origin of Nitrogen a
Page 45 and 46: - 36 - Table 4 Estimated Nitrogen a
Page 47 and 48: - 38 - Table 5 River Po: Nitrogen a
Page 49 and 50: - 40 - In conclusion, the procedure
Page 51 and 52: - 42 - Mapping of this sort could b
Page 53: - 44 - and flux pattern of nitrogen
Page 56 and 57: Albania France 2 Greece Italy 2 Mal
Page 59 and 60: - 50 - Table 9 Land Use and Trend i
Page 61 and 62: - 52 - A generalized Model. Essenti
Page 63 and 64: - 54 - Table 12a Livestock Populati
Page 65 and 66: - 56 - Table 13a Estimated Total Ni
Page 67 and 68: - 58 - representing about 50 to 60%
Page 69 and 70: - 60 - otherwise natural yet low su
Page 71 and 72: - 62 - Transfer through, and exchan
Page 73: - 64 - the required deficit to acco
Page 78: - 69 - winter months (Del Rio et al
Page 81 and 82: - 72 - widespread, with secondary e
Page 83 and 84: Sardinia - 74 - In general, the coa
Page 86: - 77 - soluble nitrogen salts and a
Page 90 and 91: - 81 - bloom of Noctiluca miliaris
Page 92: - 83 - in 1984 (Pucher-Petkovic et
Page 95: - 86 - dead), etc. are occluded. As
Page 98 and 99: - 89 - Bay of Thessaloniki (north-w
Page 100 and 101: - 91 - Southern coasts. Basturk et
Page 102 and 103: - 93 - Since the '60s the inputs fr
Page 104 and 105: - 95 - which occur in all the seas
Page 107 and 108: - 98 - Initially, there is a revers
Page 109 and 110: - 100 - (c) Acute toxicity tests on
Page 111 and 112: - 102 - 6.2.1 Effect of oxygen defi
Page 113 and 114: - 104 - Naticarius millepunctatus (
Page 115: - 106 - Observations in the field h
Page 118: - 109 - This environmental disturba
Page 121 and 122: - 112 - In regard to considering th
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- 116 - was recorded in Spain (63 c
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- 118 - 7.2.1.8 Human intoxication:
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7.2.2 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisonin
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- 124 - 7.2.2.4 DSP occurrence in t
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- 126 - Transplantation of mussels
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- 128 - shellfish production sites
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- 130 - 7.3.1.4 Occurrence of Proro
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- 133 - act to open membrane channe
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- 137 - Mechanism of action. While
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- 140 - 7.4 General facts on eutrop
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- 143 - Cycle B: refers to aspects
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- 145 - - Protection of human healt
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- 147 - coverage of the sources of
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- 149 - Forcing functions such as i
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10.1 Elimination of nutrients at so
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- 153 - presents also a risk, parti
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- 155 - - inland water management;
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- 157 - The Shores Act, therefore,
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13.2 Assessment of the present stat
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- 161 - Appendix I MEASUREMENTS OF
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- 163 - biogenic sestonic organic m
Page 175 and 176:
- 165 - Alam, M., Y. Shimizu, M. Ik
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- 167 - Ballantine, D. and B.C. Abb
Page 179 and 180:
- 169 - Bombace, G. (1985). Eutrofi
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- 171 - Capria A. (1988). Direttive
Page 183 and 184:
- 173 - Chiaudani, G., G. Gaggino,
Page 185 and 186:
- 175 - Cummins, J.M., A.C. Jones a
Page 187 and 188:
- 177 - Doyle, J. M. Parker, T. Dun
Page 189 and 190:
- 179 - Franco, P. and A. Michelato
Page 191 and 192:
- 181 - Giovanardi, G. and E. Trome
Page 193 and 194:
- 183 - Hickel, W. (1991). Long-ter
Page 195 and 196:
- 185 - Justic, D. (1987). Long-ter
Page 197 and 198:
- 187 - Krogh, P., L. Edlar, E. Gra
Page 199 and 200:
- 189 - Lüthy, J. (1979). Epidemic
Page 201 and 202:
- 191 - Martin, D.F. and A.B. Chatt
Page 203 and 204:
- 193 - Moro, I. and C. Andreoli (1
Page 205 and 206:
- 195 - Pagou, K. and L. Ignatiades
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- 197 - Precali, R. (1995). Analysi
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- 199 - Revelante, N., W.T. William
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- 201 - Sampayo, M.A. de M., P. Alv
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- 203 - Skagshaug, E. and Y. Olsen
Page 215 and 216:
- 205 - Takai, A., C. Bialojan, M.
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- 207 - Vatova, A. (1949). La fauna
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- 209 - Vollenweider, R.A. and A.A.
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- 211 - Yentch, C.S. and R.F. Vacca
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TABLE DES MATIERES Page No. 1. INTR
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Page No. 6.2 Dommages occasionnés
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Page No. 7.3.6 Les toxines de cyano
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1. INTRODUCTION - 221 - Aux termes
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- 223 - - élimination/réduction d
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- 225 - bien au-delà, alors que l'
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- 227 - 3. CAUSES ET MECANISMES DE
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3.1.2 Producteurs secondaires - 229
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- 231 - En raison du transfert inco
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- 233 - C 106N 16H 180O 44(PO 4)SH
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- 235 - qui excèdent l'unité 4 .
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- 237 - Azote. La séquence est com
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- 240 - L'agrégation hiérarchique
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- 242 - brassage en profondeur, des
Page 252 and 253:
- 244 - la méthode retenue pour ca
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- 248 - de traitement secondaire, c
Page 260 and 261:
- 252 - kg/jour, t/année, etc., ma
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4.3.3 Voies de cheminement et flux
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- 257 - l'ammoniaque et de l'urée
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- 259 - Tableau 4 Exportations esti
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- 261 - Tableau 5 Le Pô: exportati
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- 263 - correcte à la question, on
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- 265 - Val d'Aoste, Lombardie, Emi
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- 267 - La comparaison entre ces es
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- 270 - Tableau 7 Population par pa
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- 272 - des polyphosphates des dét
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Albanie France Grèce Italie Malte
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- 277 - ii) sur la charge domestiqu
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- 279 - sont retenus dans le bassin
Page 289 and 290:
- 281 - Tableau 13b Estimation de l
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- 283 - Tableau 14 Régions et fleu
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Région 1 Alboran 2 Nord-ouest 3 Su
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- 287 - d'éléments nutritifs d'or
Page 297 and 298:
- 289 - Une autre perspective qu'on
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- 291 - En raison de cet afflux et
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- 294 - ont été observées en div
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- 297 - périodes; on l'observe par
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Sardaigne - 299 - Dans l'ensemble,
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- 302 - La situation des eaux côti
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- 306 - des courants à direction s
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- 308 - bassins hydrographiques de
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- 311 - Les causes de la grave dét
Page 322 and 323:
- 314 - Cependant, dans des diverse
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- 316 - dominants ont tendance à s
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5.2.10 Israël. Méditerranée orie
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- 320 - reçoit 75% des apports dus
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6.1.1 Dinophycées - 322 - Les pull
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- 325 - polysaccharide, 26 groupeme
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- 327 - d'"eaux anormalement color
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- 329 - 6.2 Dommages occasionnés a
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- 331 - Lors de l'épisode de morta
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- 333 - dans la recolonisation des
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- 336 - L'étude d'impact sur l'env
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- 339 - naturelle et anthropique so
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- 341 - Des données récentes indi
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- 345 - Des échantillons de planct
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- 347 - sur les canaux ioniques. Le
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- 350 - sacculus, Prorocentrum lima
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- 353 - algales liposolubles, confo
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- 355 - Des moules toxiques du nord
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- 357 - encore procédé à une év
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- 359 - l'expansion progressive ver
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- 362 - canadienne actuelle, s'appl
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- 366 - éliminent 60% de la toxine
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- 368 - des proliférations de phyt
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- 371 - En dehors des effets négat
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- 374 - autrement dit le temps néc
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- 376 - l'eutrophisation, sauf prè
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- 378 - Quand des aspects important
Page 388 and 389:
- 380 - Le type de traitement et de
Page 390 and 391:
- 382 - d'épuration. L'épandage e
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- 384 - moyen de canalisations pos
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Espagne - 386 - - La loi relative a
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Turquie - 388 - La loi sur l'enviro
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- 390 - POL - Phase II), mené dans
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- 392 - Appendice I MESURES DE LA B
Page 402 and 403:
- 394 - La détermination respectiv
Page 404 and 405:
- 396 - Alam, M., N.M. Trieff, S.M.
Page 406 and 407:
- 398 - Balci, A., F. Kucuksezgin,
Page 408 and 409:
- 400 - Bodeanu, N. and M. Usurelu
Page 410 and 411:
- 402 - Capelli F. and E. Friz (198
Page 412 and 413:
- 404 - Chiaudani, G, R. Marchetti
Page 414 and 415:
- 406 - Cummins, J.M., A.A. Stevens
Page 416 and 417:
- 408 - Dowidar, N.M. and T.A. Abou
Page 418 and 419:
- 410 - Fraga, S., J. Marino, I. Br
Page 420 and 421:
- 412 - Giordani, P. (1990b). Il mo
Page 422 and 423:
- 414 - Hescheler, J., G. Mieskes,
Page 424 and 425:
- 416 - Jørgensen, B.B. (1980). Se
Page 426 and 427:
- 418 - Krogh, P. (1989). Report of
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- 420 - Lüthy, J. (1979). Epidemic
Page 430 and 431:
- 422 - Martin, J.-M., F. Elbaz-Pou
Page 432 and 433:
- 424 - Morton, B. (1989). Pollutio
Page 434 and 435:
- 426 - Paulmier, G. (1977). Note s
Page 436 and 437:
- 428 - Provini, A., G.F. Gaggino a
Page 438 and 439:
- 430 - Riggio, S., G. D'Anna and M
Page 440 and 441:
- 432 - Sato, S., P. Nogueira, M. P
Page 442 and 443:
- 434 - Solomon, A.E. and R.B. Stou
Page 444 and 445:
- 436 - Taylor, F.Y.R. (1990). Toxi
Page 446 and 447:
- 438 - Viviani, R. (1977a). Aspett
Page 448 and 449:
- 440 - Vukadin, I. (1992). Impact
Page 450 and 451:
- 442 - Zevenboom, W., M. Rademaker
Page 452 and 453:
- 444 - 14. UNEP: Experience of Med
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- 446 - 46. UNEP/WHO: Epidemiologic
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- 448 - 75. UNEP/WHO: Development a
Page 458 and 459:
- 450 - PUBLICATIONS "MAP TECHNICAL
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- 452 - 28. PNUE: Etat du milieu ma
Page 462 and 463:
- 454 - 59. PNUE/FAO/AIEA: Actes de
Page 464 and 465:
- 456 - 90. PNUE: Projet de la Baie
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