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employment relations and health inequalities: a conceptual and empirical overvieW Case study 21. The prevalence of precarious employment using a new multidimensional scale: the case of Spain. - alejandra vives vergara, marcelo amable, salvador moncada i lluís, Xavier gimeno torrent, clara llorens serrano, Fernando g. benavides, carles muntaner and Joan benach employment precariousness has been recognised as a multidimensional condition for almost two decades in the field of sociology of work (rodgers, 1989). nevertheless, public health research has developed neither a multidimensional nor a global indicator. the most frequently used indicators of employment precariousness in public health are the subjective appraisal of "job insecurity" or the "atypical contract" forms, primarily temporary contracts (virtanen et al., 2005), which, among other health outcomes, have been shown to have a clear association with occupational injury incidence (benavides et al., 2006). spain has shown the highest levels of temporary contracts within the eu-15 for over two decades. though the actual prevalence of employment precariousness is still unknown, it is present in a wide array of employment conditions including the standard permanent contract (benach & muntaner, 2007). in response to the lack of an appropriate indicator of employment precariousness, in the late 1990s the health inequalities research group and the occupational health research center at the pompeu Fabra university in barcelona, spain, set forth on a research program to define and analyse the public health-related dimensions of employment precariousness. the first part of this project had three phases: interviews with experts in public health, occupational health, and the labour market; an in-depth literature review; and focus group interviews with temporary workers (amable, benach, & gonzález, 2001). as a result, six dimensions of employment precariousness were defined: temporality of contract; empowerment to decide on employment conditions; vulnerability to abuse or mistreatment; wages; statutory rights; and worker capability to exercise legal rights. subsequently, the employment precariousness scale (epres) was developed, providing a measure of employment precariousness for quantitative epidemiological research. the scale encompasses these six dimensions (26 items in all), and the validation study of epres demonstrated internal consistency reliability. cronbach's alpha coefficients for the six dimensions were: temporality: 0.81; empowerment: 0.95; vulnerability: 0.90; wages: 0.71; rights: 0.83; and exercise of rights: 0.88 (vives et al., 2010). preliminary results of the application of the epres to a cross-sectional representative sample of the spanish working population were obtained from the psychosocial Factors survey of spanish workers carried out between 2004 and 2005 by the Work, environment and health union institute of barcelona (instituto sindical de trabajo, ambiente y salud) (gimeno, llorens, moncada, & navarro, 2006). the sample was composed of workers of 15 to 65 years of age who had worked during the previous week for payment either in money or in goods. individuals were selected by random route sampling and interviewed at home. the sample consisted of 7,644 workers, 49 per cent women (mean age: 35.8 years) and 51 per cent men (mean age: 37.6 years). the prevalence of precarious employment was measured by applying epres and dividing the resulting index of employment precariousness, which ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 4 points, into three groups: none or <strong>low</strong> (0
EmpLoymEnT, work, And HEALTH inEquALiTiES - a global perspective Figure. moderate and high levels of precarious employment by occupational social class and gender in spain (2004-2005). 60% 50% Total 40% 30% 20% Total CS I CS II CS III CS IV CS V 10% Total Total 0% Moderate (1
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EmploymEnt, Work and HEaltH InEqual
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CORE GROUP* Carlos H. Alvarado, Fra
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A Bozo fisherman at the break of da
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the adobe house construction has be
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Policies and Interventions 9 "The k
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policies and interventions to reduc
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policies and interventions case stu
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policies and interventions for expo
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policies and interventions 9.3. eMp
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policies and interventions Figure 2
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policies and interventions power re
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policies and interventions free pro
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policies and interventions employme
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policies and interventions Pública
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policies and interventions referenc
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policies and interventions Table 14
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policies and interventions urban ar
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policies and interventions precario
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policies and interventions home-bas
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Epilogue: the economic crisis 10
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis this
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Case
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Conclusions & recommendations 11 "I
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Appendix
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AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
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AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
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AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
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AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
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AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
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AppeNdIx work intensification. work
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AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
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AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
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AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
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AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
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AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
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AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
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RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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