Employmentweb_low

EMploYMEnt, work, And hEAlth inEquAlitiEs - a global perspective
POWER RELATIONS
POLICIES
collective bargaining agreements also matter. It has been shown, for
example, that a far more severe decline in the unionisation rate in
the United States than in Canada accounts for two-thirds of the
differential growth in wage inequality between the two countries.
Figure 2. Macro-structural framework of employment relations and health inequalities.
Market
(Unions, Corporations,
Institutions)
Government
(Parties)
Labour Market
(Labour Regulations,
Industrial Relations)
EMPLOYMENT
Full-time Permanent Employment
Unemployment
Non-standard Employment
Precarious Employment
Partially or Fully
Informal Empl.
Slavery / Child Labour
Social Class, Gender, Age, Ethnicity,
Migrant Status
WORK
ORGANISATION
Working Conditions
Exposures, Hazards and
Risk Factors
Health
Inequalities
Welfare State
(Social and Health Policies)
Material Deprivation and
Economic Inequalities
Civil Society
(NGOs, Community
Associations)
Health Systems
Social and Family Networks
ModEl oF dEvElopMEnt historical, political and Ecological context
(poverty, income inequality, economic structure, environment, productivity, technology, education, culture)
source: prepared by the authors
The next part of the model concerns the balance between the
welfare state and the labour market. These two institutions are so
deeply intertwined that it is not possible to understand the labour
market without considering the welfare state institutions that surround
it (Esping-Andersen & Regini, 2001). The more protection people
receive from the welfare state, the higher the level of
"decommodification." Decommodification is the extent to which
workers are able to maintain their livelihood when they find themselves
out of a job (Esping-Andersen, 1990). The state's welfare policies
protect the work force from the labour market's notorious insecurities.
Examples of welfare state social protection policies are those
related to family, children, and people with disabilities. In the EU, for
example, a significant proportion of social provisions in most member
states consists of benefits designed to replace or supplement
earnings which individuals cannot find in the labour market. Income
replacement schemes usually take the form of three distinct kinds of
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