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eMployMent relations and health inequalities: pathways and MechanisMs Figure 22. hypothetical years of healthy life gained by the male and female populations of niger compared to the average life expectancy of each labour market cluster of countries in 2002. core semi-peripheral Peripheral 200 years (millions) 180 160 140 120 100 80 172 157 172 157 167 153 163 153 145 125 132 111 123 116 119 97 Men Women 106 88 60 40 20 0 40 32 48 37 13 5 Social Democratic Corporatist conservative Liberal Social Liberal Residual Emergent Informal Patriarcal country clusters Post-comunist Informal less successful Insecure Most insecure source: prepared by the authors full-time permanent employment The “standard” full-time permanent employment arrangement that characterised the post- WWii labour-capital agreement in many industrialised countries determines a host of wages, benefits and psychosocial working conditions. nevertheless, the growth of non-standard work arrangements in wealthy countries and the predominance of informality in <strong>low</strong>- and medium-income countries made us consider “full-time permanent employment” as the reference against which these more hazardous employment relations should be compared. full-time permanent employment relations vary in their levels of psychosocial exposures such as autonomy (Marmot, 2004), physical and psychological demands (Karasek & Theorell, 1990), effort-reward imbalance (siegrist, 1996), organisational justice (elovainio, 217
EmploymEnt, Work, And hEAlth InEquAlItIEs - a global perspective Figure 23. theoretical framework linking employment conditions and health inequalities (studied pathways are highlighted) eMPloyMenT Full-time Permanent Employment PoWer relaTions Unemployment WorK orGanisaTion Market (Unions, Corporations, Institutions) Policies Labour Market (Labour Regulations, Industrial Relations) Non-standard Employment Precarious Employment Partially and Fully Informal Empl. Slavery / Child Labour Working Conditions Exposures, Hazards and Risk Factors Government (Parties) Social Class, Gender, Age, Ethnicity, Migrant Status Health Inequalities Welfare State (Social and Health Policies) Material Deprivation and Economic Inequalities Civil Society (NGOs, Community Associations) Health Systems Social and Family Networks meaning of the arrows represented in the model: influence Mutual influence interaction or buffering influence at various levels source: prepared by the authors leino-arjas, Vahtera, & Kivimaki, 2006), job insecurity (ferrie, shipley, Marmot, stansfeld, & smith, 1998) and managerial pressure (Muntaner et al., 2004). They can also vary in terms of experiencing physical, biological and chemical hazards. ultimately, the level of physical and psychosocial exposures at the workplace determined by power will depend on the workers’ stratification (social class, gender, race/ethnicity, age), type of occupation and work organisation (see also section 8.3. on “working conditions”). Phenomena such as gendered and ethnic occupational segregation, discrimination in the workplace or wage inequalities also shape health inequalities among full-time permanent workers. since our central issue is employment relations, in the fol<strong>low</strong>ing sections we will focus on “nonstandard” employment relations. 218
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EmploymEnt, Work and HEaltH InEqual
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CORE GROUP* Carlos H. Alvarado, Fra
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EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iNEQua
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x EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iNEQ
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EMploYMEnt, work, And hEAlth inEquA
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A Bozo fisherman at the break of da
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A group of women carrying cotton af
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the adobe house construction has be
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Labour markets and welfare states:
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labour Markets and welfare states:
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Employment relations and health ine
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Policies and Interventions 9 "The k
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policies and interventions to reduc
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policies and interventions case stu
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policies and interventions for expo
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policies and interventions Under ne
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policies and interventions his acco
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policies and interventions 9.3. eMp
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policies and interventions who actu
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policies and interventions Figure 2
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policies and interventions power re
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policies and interventions free pro
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policies and interventions employme
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policies and interventions Pública
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policies and interventions conditio
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policies and interventions factors
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policies and interventions informat
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policies and interventions financin
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policies and interventions better i
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policies and interventions referenc
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policies and interventions Table 14
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policies and interventions urban ar
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policies and interventions precario
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policies and interventions could es
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policies and interventions home-bas
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policies and interventions prison l
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policies and interventions 9.6. ass
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policies and interventions along wi
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Epilogue: the economic crisis 10
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis this
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis all o
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis and t
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Case
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis feedi
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis short
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis commu
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Refer
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Conclusions & recommendations 11 "I
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conclusions and recommendations sho
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conclusions and recommendations The
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conclusions and recommendations wor
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conclusions and recommendations Eff
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conclusions and recommendations •
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Appendix
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AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
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AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
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AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
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AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
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AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
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AppeNdIx work intensification. work
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AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
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AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
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AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
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AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
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AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
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AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
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RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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