Employmentweb_low

AppeNdIx
Country clusters
table A5 shows the regional distribution of clusters. core countries are
western and southern european countries; semi-peripheral countries are
mostly east Asian and east european countries, as well as latin America,
with a couple of African countries; peripheral countries are predominantly
African and south east Asian countries, with some caribbean countries.
core countries
the cluster analysis of epl indices for regular workers and temporary
workers and the union density in core countries resulted in 4 different types
of labour markets. we present these findings in Figure A5 with the x-axis
representing union density and the y-axis representing the epl indices. of
the two epl indices, the smaller is that of temporary workers. nordic
countries (sweden, Finland, denmark, norway), Belgium, and italy
constitute a cluster where both epl scores are in the medium range and
relatively similar to each other, but with significantly higher union density
compared to the rest of the countries analyzed. France, spain, portugal, and
Greece have the most protection for regular workers and comparatively low
protection for temporary workers, with the difference being relatively large.
these are countries with low to medium union density, but with high
collective bargaining coverage (not shown in this graph). there is another
layer of countries beneath these, with medium protection for both full time
and temporary workers but with a large difference between these two
classes of workers. this group includes south korea, poland, Hungary,
Japan, netherlands, czech rep., slovak rep., and Austria. the last group is
comprised of liberal countries (the Us, new Zealand, Australia, canada, Uk,
ireland) and switzerland, with low protection for both regular and
temporary workers and with small differences between the two.
we merged the second and the third groups together and created three
clusters of labour markets (table A5), which approximate the three worlds
of welfare capitalism (esping-Andersen, 1990). Among countries usually
categorised as corporatist conservative, Belgium fell into the social
democratic labour institution cluster and switzerland into the liberal
labour institution cluster in this analysis. Japan and southern european
countries (portugal and spain) were categorized into corporatist
conservative labour institutions, whereas italy was grouped with nordic
countries. Based on the widely-accepted typology, we named them social
democratic labour institutions, corporatist conservative labor institutions,
and liberal labour institutions, respectively. As observed from Figure A5, the
social democratic labour institution cluster presents high average union
density (62.28%) combined with medium epl for both regular (2.05) and
temporary (2.17) workers. corporatist conservative labour institution
countries show low union density (22.01%) with high epl for both regular
(2.83) and temporary (2.55) workers. liberal labour institution countries on
average show low union density (24.78%) with very low epl for both regular
(1.22) and temporary (0.63) workers.
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