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labour Markets and welfare states: a country perspective Figure 5. Main type of employments in the labour market. FoRmal sECToR inFoRmal sECToR Income level full-time regular wage earners part-time contract, casual, irregular wage earners micro-entrepreneurs (informal sector business owners) Informal wage earners source: prepared by the authors We now proceed to develop a global typology of employment relations. Countries are divided into groups according to their position in the world system (core, semi-periphery, and periphery) (arrighi & Drangel, 1986; Babones, 2005). Three types of employment relations are generated by each position. The aim here is to outline the macro-political and economic roots of employment relations and their relationship with population health at the global level. a macro-social approach to labour markets provides a deeper understanding of how employment relations vary on a global scale. Developing a global typology of countries precariousness using the analytical tool provided in Babones (2005), we divided countries into three groups by their position in the world system. We compiled country data into three groups for analysis according to each country's global position (based on global income distribution). using data from the Key Indicators of the labour market (KIlm) from the Ilo (2007) and the WHo (2000, 2004 and 2006), we conducted a series of cluster analyses of middle- and <strong>low</strong>-income countries in an effort to understand the relation between labour market conditions and health. for core countries, we used oECD data (1999) to generate labour market clusters. The final typology of countries classified by their position in the world system level and labour market characteristics is presented in Table 1 and map 2. specific methodological details of these analyses are provided in the appendices (section 2). 55
EmploymEnT, woRk, and hEalTh inEqualiTiEs - a global perspective Table 1. cluster of countries based on labour market inequalities. CorE more Equal social Democratic labour Institutions Belgium, Denmark, finland, Italy, norway, sweden Corporatist Conservative labour Institutions austria, Germany, france, greece, Japan, netherlands, portugal, spain liberal labour Institutions less Equal australia, Canada, Ireland, new Zealand, switzerland, uK, us residual labour Institutions Emerging labour Institutions Informal labour market sEmI-pErIpHEry pErIpHEry The Bahamas, Croatia, Czech rep, Hong Kong, Hungary, Jamaica, south korea, latvia, lithuania, poland, Russia, singapore, slovak rep, slovenia, Thailand, uruguay post-Communist labour market albania, armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, ghana, Indonesia, moldova, mongolia, papua new guinea, philippines, romania, Tajikistan, ukraine, uzbekistan, Viet nam argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa rica, Ecuador, fiji, Kuwait, malaysia, mexico, panama, paraguay, peru, south africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela less successful Informal labour market algeria, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Dominican rep, Egypt, Equatorial guinea, guatemala, guyana, Honduras, india, Iran, Jordan, mauritania, morocco, nicaragua, nigeria, pakistan, sri lanka, sudan, swaziland, syrian arab rep, yemen rep Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, El salvador, lebanon, oman, saudi arabia, Tunisia, Turkey Insecure labour market Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central african rep, Chad, Comoros, Congo Dem rep, Congo rep, Eritrea, Ethiopia, gambia, guinea-Bissau, haiti, Kenya, lao pDr, madagascar, malawi, mali, mozambique, namibia, nepal, niger, rwanda, senegal, Tanzania, Togo, uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe source: prepared by the authors The clustering of countries according to labour market characteristics varies greatly between periphery and semi periphery, on one hand, and oECD countries on the other. The labour markets of semi-peripheral countries are characterised by growing informality but maintain some degree of stability and rule of law, approximating them to wealthier oECD countries. some, such as Chile, have even developed their own forms of emerging welfare state institutions. Countries on the global periphery, however, represent another level of labour-market instability altogether. plagued by a heavy reliance on informal work, they face severe insecurity in their labour markets. In these countries war, political instability, authoritarian regimes, and foreign interventions threaten the rule of law and the protection of workers, and only aggravate their labour market problems (stubbs & underhill, 2006). This categorisation of countries reveals two very important distinctions. first, it highlights the difference between labour institutions and informal labour markets. labour institutions are closely related to the strength of the welfare state (Huber & stephens, 2001). 56
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EmploymEnt, Work and HEaltH InEqual
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CORE GROUP* Carlos H. Alvarado, Fra
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EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iNEQua
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Policies and Interventions 9 "The k
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policies and interventions to reduc
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policies and interventions case stu
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policies and interventions for expo
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policies and interventions Under ne
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policies and interventions his acco
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policies and interventions 9.3. eMp
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policies and interventions who actu
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policies and interventions Figure 2
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policies and interventions power re
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policies and interventions free pro
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policies and interventions employme
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policies and interventions Pública
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policies and interventions conditio
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policies and interventions factors
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policies and interventions informat
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policies and interventions financin
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policies and interventions referenc
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policies and interventions Table 14
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Epilogue: the economic crisis 10
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis this
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis feedi
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Refer
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Conclusions & recommendations 11 "I
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conclusions and recommendations sho
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conclusions and recommendations •
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Appendix
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AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
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AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
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AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
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AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
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AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
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AppeNdIx work intensification. work
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AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
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AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
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AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
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AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
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AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
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AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
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RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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