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policies and interventions who actually produced a good or service (even if that activity was undertaken externally) and under what labour conditions (doorey, 2005). some existing models of supply chain regulation at the national level, which incorporate disclosure requirements as well as union/community involvement in enforcement and directly mandate labour standards, could arguably be extended internationally. it is worth noting that the latter were secured fol<strong>low</strong>ing political mobilisations of workers and community groups. in 2009, Un special rapporteur on human rights and counterterrorism Martin scheinin claimed that since “multinational corporations, international organisations [and] armed groups and terrorists now have the powers to negate or destruct human rights” there is a need for making actors other than states accountable. corporations suspected of abusing human rights should thus face the full force of international law through trial by a new global court. in scheinin’s view, this “World court of human rights” would involve the establishment of a global tribunal that would, for the first time, have a mandate to try private companies accused of human rights abuses, as well as the power to enforce legallybinding judgments on transnational companies and organisations in addition to governments and, crucially, would be able to demand compensation for victims (The commonwealth, 2009). in Table 13, we present a matrix with different options for international policies and actors according to the defined employment conditions presented. Table 13. selected examples of international policies (international organisations, unions, employers, civil society). proposed policy Global compact - corporate citizenship initiative (including child & forced labour) promote decent work agenda ratification ilo framework convention further ratification of c 182 and c 138 on child labour WTo agreements; include employment and working conditions promote basic occupational health services, linked with phc include employment and working conditions in regional policies and agreements Global ban of hazardous products (eg asbestos) control the application of double standards between and within countries (including top of corporate chain responsibility for employment practices at any subsequent level/ country damaging workers' health) promote compliance oh in multinational corporations strengthen employment and working conditions considerations in collective bargaining tools and processes (unions) including multi-lateral/multinational agreements and inter-union movement agreements and strategies (eg Us and china re wage levels) strengthen intersectoral action on Wfcl (create alliance between ilo, Who, WTo, Unicef, with involvement of unions and employer organizations Global movement (civil society) against trade involving Wfcl Global movement (civil society) against trade involving slavery and bonded labour source: prepared by the authors acTors United nations ilo ilo ilo WTo Who WTo, regional trade mechanisms international organizations oecd, regional trade mechanisms, multinationals, WTo, ilo, financial institutions (iMf, WB) corporations Unions Un and others civil society civil society 305
EmploymEnT, woRk, and hEalTh inEqualiTiEs - a global perspective Figure 25. policy entry points in the macro-theoretical framework. 9.4. eMployMenT-relaTed policy opTions for redUcinG healTh ineQUaliTies This section presents a framework for identifying and classifying employment-related policy initiatives. The framework evaluates policies that have already been implemented, as well as those policies that are being implemented now in order to suggest possible designs for future policies that aim to reduce health inequalities related to employment conditions. such a framework is necessary thanks to the complex reality of working conditions, which must be systematically organised to produce useful policy recommendations. as we have established, employment-related health inequalities arise from a variety of factors and manifest themselves through various pathways from the “macro” to the “micro” social conditions and contexts of work and employment. Thanks to the preceding theoretical treatment linking employment conditions and health inequalities, we are ready to identify points of entry for successful policy interventions. figures 25 and 26 illustrate these entry points in relation to the conceptual frameworks used in this book. eMployMenT poWer relaTions Market (Unions, Corporations, Institutions) A policies Labour Market (Labour Regulations, Industrial Relations) A Full-time Permanent Employment Unemployment Non-standard Employment Precarious Employment Partially or Fully Informal Empl. Slavery / Child Labour b WorK orGanisaTion Working Conditions Exposures, Hazards and Risk Factors Government (Parties) Social Class, Gender, Age, Ethnicity, Migrant Status Health Inequalities Welfare State (Social and Health Policies) Material Deprivation and Economic Inequalities Civil Society (NGOs, Community Associations) Health Systems Social and Family Networks modEl oF dEVElopmEnT historical, political and Ecological context (poverty, income inequality, economic structure, environment, productivity, technology, education, culture) source: prepared by the authors 306
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EmploymEnt, Work and HEaltH InEqual
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CORE GROUP* Carlos H. Alvarado, Fra
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EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iNEQua
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x EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iNEQ
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EMploYMEnt, work, And hEAlth inEquA
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A Bozo fisherman at the break of da
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the adobe house construction has be
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Labour markets and welfare states:
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labour Markets and welfare states:
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policies and interventions case stu
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Epilogue: the economic crisis 10
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis this
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis all o
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis and t
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Case
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis feedi
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis short
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis commu
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Refer
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Conclusions & recommendations 11 "I
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conclusions and recommendations sho
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conclusions and recommendations The
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conclusions and recommendations wor
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conclusions and recommendations Eff
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conclusions and recommendations •
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Appendix
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AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
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AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
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AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
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AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
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AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
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AppeNdIx work intensification. work
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AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
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AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
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AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
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AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
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AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
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AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
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RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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