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policies and interventions Table 14 (continuation). typology of policies and interventions at the national level for employment dimensions to reduce health inequalities, stratified by main entry points. enTry poinT fUll-TiMe sTandard eMployMenT UneMployMenT precarioUs eMployMenT inforMal eMployMenT child laBoUr slavery and Bonded laBoUr C strengthen enforcement of oHs legislation (e.g., inspectorate) expand coverage oHs prevention strengthen prevention in social security and insurance mechanisms (public and private) include occupational health dimension in collective bargaining (e.g., right ot know) include oHs component in employment creation programmes include oHs in subcontracting and outsourcing (including supply chain) regulation expand coverage of oHs services (temporary workers, selfemployed, small business) include oHs in regional trade agreements regulate to avoid double standards and occupational hazard dumping include oHs dimension on microcredits expand coverage by oH legislation and services (intersectoral) develop minimum oHs standards and regulation for progressive improvements increase coverage with basic occupational health services education and awareness raising of health consequences of child labour develop special programs to prevent hazardous child labour expand oHs coverage to apprenticeship where not already case education and awareness raising of health consequences of slavery and bonded labour slaves and bonded labour deemed to be protected by oHs laws notwithstanding legal status d promote worker’s participation and action of safety representatives to prevent occupational hazards / stimulate worker’s participation and enforcement of legislation create inter-sectoral oH policy for full coverage train and sensitise health care providers expand coverage (access, quality, compensation, rehabilitation) of occupational diseases and injuries (include mental illness) re-training programmes to assist employment re-entry of disabled workers special re-training programmes to assist employment re-entry stronger legal obligations on employers to reengage injured workers (including agency workers) expand coverage and effective implementation of workers’ compensation or national illness insurance (e.g., self-employed, undocumented and migrant workers) provision of basic provision of basic income/anti poverty income/anti poverty support for injured and support for injured their dependents introduction of special rehabilitation programs provision of basic income/anti poverty support for injured Universal access to health care / include occupational health in primary Health care establish information centers or networks for injured workers increase capacity of health system to recognize and treat occupational diseases and injuries create adequate solidarity finance mechanisms to cover compensation and treatment for all deemed cover for undocumented immigrant/guestworkers, child and bonded labour under workers’ compensation/social security laws source: prepared by the authors 331
EmploymEnT, woRk, and hEalTh inEqualiTiEs - a global perspective conditions and a globalised economy. Just as downsizing/restructuring, outsourcing, and privatisation have contributed to the growth of temporary work and self-employed subcontractors, they have also affected the health and well-being of the workers who continue to hold nominally secure jobs. repeated rounds of downsizing and restructuring in large public and private sector employers have contributed to increased job insecurity and workers’ concerns that their commitment will not be reciprocated. This is also exacerbated by the weakening of legislative or union-based collective Footwear maquila workers in managua (nicaragua). protection in wealthy countries (see case study 82). source: antonio rosa (2005) These changes often entail increased workloads and intensity as well as changes to jobs and work processes (such as multi-tasking). There is now a substantial body of evidence confirming that workers who ‘survive’ downsizing suffer from stress and other adverse occupational health safety effects. reduced staffing levels and increased workloads may contribute to premature burnout by professional workers. reduced staffing may also affect the health and wellbeing of others, such as hospital patients (see case study 83). downsizing and the growth of precarious employment can also affect the working conditions of all workers in particular industries as a result of increasing work intensity or specific spill-over effects. for example, the presence of temporary and part-time workers can lead to an increased administrative, training, or supervisory load on full-time permanent workers. alternatively, work intensity may increase as a result of competition for work between precarious and permanent workers in the same labour market. one example is the case of competition between self-employed and employee truck drivers. overall, these changes have not been addressed by existing labour standards. While the occupational health and safety laws of some countries require risk assessment/control and consultation when employers make changes to work practices that could affect occupational health and safety, implementation has usually been minimal, leaving even those workers in conditions of full-time employment vulnerable to differential health outcomes. Unemployment The devastating health consequences of unemployment have been well-established by research since the 1930s. as documented elsewhere in this book, unemployment has profound long-term 332
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EmploymEnt, Work and HEaltH InEqual
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CORE GROUP* Carlos H. Alvarado, Fra
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EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iNEQua
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EMploYMEnt, work, And hEAlth inEquA
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the adobe house construction has be
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labour Markets and welfare states:
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conclusions and recommendations sho
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conclusions and recommendations •
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Appendix
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AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
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AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
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AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
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AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
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AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
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AppeNdIx work intensification. work
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AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
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AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
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AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
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AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
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AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
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AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
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RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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