Employmentweb_low

EmploymEnt, work, and hEalth inEqualitiEs - A globAl peRSpeCTIve
References
benavides, F. g., Castejón, e., Mira, M., benach, J., & Moncada, S. (1998). Glosario de prevención
de riesgos laborales. barcelona: Masson.
International labor organization. (2005). Working conditions. Retrieved May 21, 2009, from
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/condtrav/workcond/index.htm
A.2. typoloGy oF coUntries
A.2.1. metHods
data sources and variables
in developing countries (i.e., semi-peripheral and peripheral), we used variables measuring
inequality and poverty in the labour market as a whole (i.e., regardless of whether they were
formal or informal), and workers' wage levels. we constructed indicators of labour market
characteristics as two-factor scores composed of three variables, each measured at two
different times. the first labour market score measured inequality in the labour market
through three standardized variables: the ratio between male and female workers of estimated
earned income (incr1999, incr2003); the gap in levels of labour-force participation between
female and male workers (lfp1997, lfp2003); and the employment-to-population ratio (epr1997,
epr2003). the second factor score quantified poverty and income levels in the labour market,
also using three standardized variables measured twice: percentage of children in the labour
market (chldl1997, chldl2003); percentage of workers that are poor (wkpr1997, wkpr2003); and
average income level (aveinc1999, aveinc2003). For core countries, we used unionisation rate
and employment protection legislation (epl) indices, developed by the oecd, to measure the
security and flexibility of the labour market. we used the mean epl index for regular workers
and temporary workers, for the years 2000-2003 (2000-2004 for Germany and portugal).
Health outcomes were downloaded from the wHo statistics information system
(wHosis) website (wHo, 2010). we used the mean values over the period 1997-2004 .
Variables and sources are given in table A1.
table a1. labour market variables used in the typology of countries.
VariablEs yEar sourCE
labour
market
variables
core
semiperiphery
and
periphery
Union density (logarithmic)
employment protection legislation (epl) indices
- epl index for regular workers
- epl index for temporary workers
labour market inequality factor score (labeq)
- estimated earned income ratio between male and female workers (incr)
- labour force participation gap between female and male workers (lfp)
- employment to population ratio (epr)
labour market poverty factor score (labpov)
- percentage of children in labour market (chldl)
- percentage of workers that are poor (wkpr)
- Average income level (aveinc)
Average of 2000-2003
(2000-2004 for Germany
and portugal)
1997 and 2003
(1999 and 2003 for incr and
aveinc)
Health outcomes 2002 or 2004 wHosis
oecd
kilm
Statistical analyses
world-systems classification
For the classification of countries based on their position in the world-system, we used
Gross national product per capita (Gnppc) for the year 2000, generated through the world
412