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Conclusions & recommendations 11 "It may be just for a human being to set foot on the Moon, but it would be more just still if the great countries, at least symbolically, set foot on Earth and realised that millions of people are hungry, have no work, no culture. I also consider quite just this utopia which speaks of a 21st century human being, a human being with a different vision, another scale of values. A human being who is not solely motivated by money. A human being who understands that, fortunately, there is another way for his or her intelligence to exercise all its creative force." Salvador Allende "Unless the poor of the world agitate for themselves to be heard, there will be no changes in their circumstances." Vandana Shiva
EMployMEnt, Work, And hEAlth InEqUAlItIES - a global perspective 11.1 ConClusions The need to discern employment-related concepts Employment relations, employment conditions and working 11 conditions are different yet interrelated concepts. Employment relations are the relationships between buyers and sellers of labour, as well as the practices, outcomes and institutions that emanate or impinge upon the employment relationship. in wealthy countries, employment relations are often subject to the provisions of the law or a hiring contract, while in middle-income and poor countries most employment agreements are not explicitly subject to any formal contract, and a high proportion of total employment is in the informal economy. At the global level, main employment conditions derived from employment relations include five main dimensions: unemployment, precarious employment, informal employment, child labour, and slavery/bonded labour. Working conditions can be divided into physical, chemical, biological and social exposures. simply put, material working conditions constitute the physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic work environment, while work organisation involves psychosocial relations, management and control, satisfaction, the tasks performed by workers and the technology being used. Working conditions also include hierarchy and power relations, the participation of workers in decision-making and social and occupational discrimination. Power differences are embedded in employment relations Power relations in negotiation between trans-national corporations, businesses, employers and workers' associations are unequal. An important component of employment relations are the power relations between employers and employees and the level of social protection that employees can count on. Thus, public efforts at improving the health inequalities produced by employment relations must take into account the power differences among employers, workers and government. Employment relations therefore reflect the different relations of power over the production, appropriation and distribution of the fruits of labour by those who hire labour (employers and managers) and those who sell labour (workers). Much of the history of employment relations has been characterised by unequal power and conflict between labour and capital, the former being represented mainly by unions, who demandhigher wages, 380
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EmploymEnt, Work and HEaltH InEqual
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CORE GROUP* Carlos H. Alvarado, Fra
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EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iNEQua
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x EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iNEQ
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xii EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iN
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xiv EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iN
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xvi EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth iN
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xviii EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth
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xxiv EMplOyMENt, wOrk, aNd hEalth i
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EMploYMEnt, work, And hEAlth inEquA
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A Bozo fisherman at the break of da
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A group of women carrying cotton af
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the adobe house construction has be
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Labour markets and welfare states:
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labour Markets and welfare states:
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Employment relations and health ine
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employment relations and health ine
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eMployMent relations and health ine
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Policies and Interventions 9 "The k
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policies and interventions to reduc
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policies and interventions case stu
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policies and interventions for expo
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policies and interventions Under ne
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policies and interventions his acco
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policies and interventions 9.3. eMp
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policies and interventions who actu
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policies and interventions Figure 2
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policies and interventions power re
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policies and interventions free pro
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policies and interventions employme
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policies and interventions Pública
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policies and interventions conditio
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policies and interventions factors
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policies and interventions informat
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policies and interventions financin
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policies and interventions better i
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Page 422 and 423: Appendix
Page 424 and 425: AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
Page 426 and 427: AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
Page 428 and 429: AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
Page 430 and 431: AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
Page 432 and 433: AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
Page 434 and 435: AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
Page 436 and 437: AppeNdIx work intensification. work
Page 438 and 439: AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
Page 440 and 441: AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
Page 442 and 443: AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
Page 444 and 445: AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
Page 446 and 447: AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
Page 448 and 449: AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
Page 450 and 451: AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
Page 452 and 453: RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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