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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5 shows the regional distribution of clusters. core countries are western and southern european countries; semi-peripheral countries are mostly east Asian and east european countries, as well as latin America, with a couple of African countries; peripheral countries are predominantly African and south east Asian countries, with some caribbean countries. core countries the cluster analysis of epl indices for regular workers and temporary workers and the union density in core countries resulted in 4 different types of labour markets. we present these findings in Figure A5 with the x-axis representing union density and the y-axis representing the epl indices. of the two epl indices, the smaller is that of temporary workers. nordic countries (sweden, Finland, denmark, norway), Belgium, and italy constitute a cluster where both epl scores are in the medium range and relatively similar to each other, but with significantly higher union density compared to the rest of the countries analyzed. France, spain, portugal, and Greece have the most protection for regular workers and comparatively low protection for temporary workers, with the difference being relatively large. these are countries with low to medium union density, but with high collective bargaining coverage (not shown in this graph). there is another layer of countries beneath these, with medium protection for both full time and temporary workers but with a large difference between these two classes of workers. this group includes south korea, poland, Hungary, Japan, netherlands, czech rep., slovak rep., and Austria. the last group is comprised of liberal countries (the Us, new Zealand, Australia, canada, Uk, ireland) and switzerland, with low protection for both regular and temporary workers and with small differences between the two. we merged the second and the third groups together and created three clusters of labour markets (table A5), which approximate the three worlds of welfare capitalism (esping-Andersen, 1990). Among countries usually categorised as corporatist conservative, Belgium fell into the social democratic labour institution cluster and switzerland into the liberal labour institution cluster in this analysis. Japan and southern european countries (portugal and spain) were categorized into corporatist conservative labour institutions, whereas italy was grouped with nordic countries. Based on the widely-accepted typology, we named them social democratic labour institutions, corporatist conservative labor institutions, and liberal labour institutions, respectively. As observed from Figure A5, the social democratic labour institution cluster presents high average union density (62.28%) combined with medium epl for both regular (2.05) and temporary (2.17) workers. corporatist conservative labour institution countries show low union density (22.01%) with high epl for both regular (2.83) and temporary (2.55) workers. liberal labour institution countries on average show low union density (24.78%) with very low epl for both regular (1.22) and temporary (0.63) workers. 421
EmploymEnt, work, and hEalth inEqualitiEs - A globAl peRSpeCTIve table a5. Country clusters by labour market characteristics and position in the World-System. more Equal labour market less Equal core semi-peripHery peripHery social democratic labour institutions Belgium, denmark, Finland, italy, norway, sweden corporatist conservative labour institutions Austria, germany, France, Greece, Japan, netherlands, portugal, spain liberal labour institutions Australia, Canada, ireland, new Zealand, switzerland, United kingdom, united states residual labour institutions emerging labour institutions informal labour market the Bahamas, croatia, czech rep, Hong kong, Hungary, Jamaica, south korea, latvia, lithuania, poland, russia, singapore, slovak rep, slovenia, thailand, Uruguay post-communist labour market Albania, Armenia, Belarus, bolivia, Bulgaria, cambodia, China, Ghana, indonesia, moldova, mongolia, papua new Guinea, philippines, romania, tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Viet nam argentina, brazil, Chile, colombia, costa rica, ecuador, Fiji, kuwait, malaysia, mexico, panama, paraguay, peru, south Africa, trinidad and tobago, Venezuela less successful informal labour market Algeria, cape Verde, cote d'ivoire, dominican rep, egypt, equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, india, iran, Jordan, mauritania, morocco, nicaragua, nigeria, pakistan, sri lanka, sudan, swaziland, syrian Arab rep, yemen rep Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, El salvador, lebanon, oman, saudi Arabia, tunisia, turkey insecure labour market Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, cameroon, central African rep, chad, comoros, congo dem rep, congo rep, eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, haiti, kenya, lao pdr, madagascar, malawi, mali, mozambique, namibia, nepal, niger, rwanda, senegal, tanzania, togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Figure a5. Mean epl for regular workers and temporary workers vs. mean union density, oeCd countries. 0 1 2 3 4 Portugal France Spain Holanda Japan Hungary South Korea Switzerland Poland New Zeland USA Australia Greece Czech Rep. Germany Italy Canada UK Slovakia Norway Austria Ireland Sweden Belgium Finland Denmark 20 40 60 80 Mean Union Density, 2000-2002 High security, Medium flexibility Low security, Low flexibility Low security, Differential flexibility Low security, High flexibility 422
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CORE GROUP* Carlos H. Alvarado, Fra
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Policies and Interventions 9 "The k
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Epilogue: the economic crisis 10
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Page 422 and 423: Appendix
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Page 426 and 427: AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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Page 452 and 453: RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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Page 464 and 465: Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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Page 482 and 483: Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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