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Theoretical model 4 "Because it is not the reality, the value of the model depends upon its utility, and utility depends upon the purpose for which the model is used." reuel A. stallones
EMploYMEnt, work, And hEAlth inEquAlitiEs - a global perspective 4 The first step in our alternative approach to this investigation is the development of a theoretical model which delineates the causal pathways we describe in this book. Given the complexity of the phenomenon treated, the use of theoretical models helps us organise and explain large quantities of scientific data in several ways (Muntaner, 1999). First, these models help us understand the complex links between employment relations, employment conditions and the health of workers. Additionally, they suggest further observation and testing of hypothetical causal pathways not covered in this review. Finally, theoretical frameworks help identify the main "entry-points" (i.e., exogenous factors) through which to implement policies and interventions to reduce health inequalities. Towards this end, we have developed two frameworks based on a single overarching theoretical model. The resulting graphs and f<strong>low</strong> charts serve two key purposes. First, they show the origins and consequences of different employment relations. Second, they trace the connection between employment relations and economic and political factors, working conditions, and health inequalities. Put simply, they are a way of visualising in context the many factors that contribute to inequalities in health. The macro-structural framework traces the effects of political power struggles on health inequalities through the important mediating role of the welfare state and labour market policies. The micro-structural framework traces the effects of employment and working conditions on health inequalities. Some methodological caution needs to be exerted. First, the main focus of both frameworks is on factors related to employment relations and conditions, not on social determinants of health in general or other public health factors. Second, neither framework pretends to be a fully-pledged confirmed theory. Rather, they are heuristic devices used to help simplify a complicated set of relationships and point out the most important pathways. Finally, it is also necessary to mention that both frameworks are "static" and should also be considered from a historical point-of-view as well as from a dynamic life-course perspective. 4.1. MACRO STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK The macro-structural framework (Figure 2) situates employment relations in their larger institutional context, which is determined by social institutions and relations that ultimately respond to a global division of production and the situation of each country into the world-system (Wallerstein, 1974). This framework explains the 30
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EmploymEnt, Work and HEaltH InEqual
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Employment relations and health ine
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eMployMent relations and health ine
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Policies and Interventions 9 "The k
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policies and interventions to reduc
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policies and interventions case stu
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policies and interventions for expo
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policies and interventions Under ne
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policies and interventions his acco
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policies and interventions 9.3. eMp
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policies and interventions who actu
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policies and interventions Figure 2
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policies and interventions power re
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policies and interventions free pro
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policies and interventions employme
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policies and interventions Pública
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policies and interventions conditio
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policies and interventions factors
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policies and interventions informat
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policies and interventions financin
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policies and interventions better i
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policies and interventions referenc
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policies and interventions Table 14
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policies and interventions urban ar
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policies and interventions precario
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policies and interventions could es
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policies and interventions home-bas
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policies and interventions prison l
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policies and interventions 9.6. ass
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policies and interventions along wi
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Epilogue: the economic crisis 10
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis this
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis all o
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis and t
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Case
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis feedi
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis short
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis commu
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Refer
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Conclusions & recommendations 11 "I
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conclusions and recommendations sho
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conclusions and recommendations The
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conclusions and recommendations wor
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conclusions and recommendations Eff
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conclusions and recommendations •
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Appendix
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AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
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AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
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AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
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AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
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AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
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AppeNdIx work intensification. work
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AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
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AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
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AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
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AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
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AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
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AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
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RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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