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The process of knowledge generation 3 "in reality there are not economic, sociological, or psychological problems, but simply problems, and as a rule they are complex… we will have to master the complex problems that exist in reality by whatever tools are available." Gunnar Myrdal
EMploYMEnt, work, And hEAlth inEquAlitiEs - a global perspective 3 3.1. METHODS AND STRATEGIES In this book our aim is to use methods that are suitable for the reality upon which we focus, which is complex and dynamic. In order to avoid reductive assumptions, we make a conscious effort to take a global perspective, be accurate, and avoid narrow perspectives based on the employment standards typically used in wealthy Western societies. The challenge of studying a neglected global reality The dominant trend in today's occupational health research is to focus on how employment and work conditions influence health. Our study, however, delves deeper into the strikingly under-studied links between the conditions of employment and work in relation to health inequalities. A reflection upon current research uncovers three important shortcomings. First, only a very small minority of existing studies include data from middle income and poor countries. This limitation is worrisome, as there are important differences in working and employment conditions between wealthy and middle or poor income nations. The examples are many. While non-standard forms of employment have increased in the past decades in wealthy countries, poor countries have been characterised by a large variety of hidden or less well-known, informal forms of employment as well as by extremely hazardous and unhealthy employment relations including bonded labour, child labour, and forced sex work. At the same time as employment in agriculture has sharply declined in wealthy countries, in mid- and low-income countries a large proportion of workers still engage in agricultural employment, a labour sector where the inherent threats to health are very different from those that characterise the industrial and service sectors of wealthy countries. Classical welfare state measures, including universal public health policies, have rarely taken hold in most poor countries. Finally, the links between employment and health benefits must take into account the development of local health systems, which differ amongst mid and lowincome countries. In some, where precarious and informal forms of employment dominate, workers do not necessarily receive access to health services as part of employment benefits. On the other hand, in some mid to low-income countries (such as Sri Lanka, Cuba, Brazil, Chile, and Costa Rica), everybody enjoys universal access to health care regardless of their employment status. Second, investigations into the interaction between health and employment and working conditions do not focus on the impact of health inequalities and their underlying causes. 22
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Policies and Interventions 9 "The k
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policies and interventions to reduc
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policies and interventions case stu
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policies and interventions for expo
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policies and interventions Under ne
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policies and interventions his acco
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policies and interventions 9.3. eMp
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policies and interventions who actu
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policies and interventions Figure 2
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policies and interventions power re
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policies and interventions free pro
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policies and interventions employme
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policies and interventions Pública
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policies and interventions conditio
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policies and interventions factors
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policies and interventions informat
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policies and interventions financin
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policies and interventions better i
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policies and interventions referenc
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policies and interventions Table 14
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policies and interventions urban ar
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policies and interventions precario
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policies and interventions could es
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policies and interventions home-bas
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policies and interventions prison l
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policies and interventions 9.6. ass
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policies and interventions along wi
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Epilogue: the economic crisis 10
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis this
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Case
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis feedi
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis short
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Refer
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Conclusions & recommendations 11 "I
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conclusions and recommendations sho
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Appendix
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AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
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AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
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AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
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AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
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AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
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AppeNdIx work intensification. work
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AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
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AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
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AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
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AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
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AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
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AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
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RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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