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policies and interventions<br />

conditions need to be met in order to draw the full benefits of flexicurity. these include a stable macro-economic climate,<br />

real social dialogue, and a high level of social protection and activity. the term has raised concerns among citizens, unions<br />

and workers’ representatives, who often perceive it as a means of al<strong>low</strong>ing firms to get rid of staff more easily without any<br />

measures for the workers. indeed, entrepreneurial organisation and proposals made by liberal parties put too much<br />

emphasis on flexibility and not enough on job security to create jobs, on the basis that a job is the best safeguard against<br />

social exclusion.<br />

references<br />

Madsen, p. K. (1999). Denmark: flexibility, security and labour market success. I.L.O., Employment and Training Papers, 53.<br />

geneva: international labour office.<br />

Madsen, p. K. (2000). The Danish model of flexicurity: A paradise with some snakes. retrieved February 25, 2009, from<br />

http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/employment/documents/madsen.pdf<br />

Wilthagen, t., & rogowski, r. (2002). legal regulation of transitional labour markets. in g. schmid & b. gazier, The<br />

dynamics of full-employment: Social integration through transitional labour markets. cheltenham, UK: edwards elgar.<br />

Working conditions (different types of actions to modify<br />

working conditions themselves, health-related material<br />

hazards in the workplace, behaviour changes and<br />

psychosocial factors)<br />

entry point c covers policy interventions that aim to improve<br />

working conditions by decreasing the risk posed by unhealthy<br />

behavioural changes, material hazards in the workplace, and<br />

psychosocial forces. in other words, it is assumed that changes in<br />

working conditions will ameliorate health inequalities via these<br />

different mechanisms.<br />

regarding the effect on health of unhealthy behaviour and<br />

material hazards, there is evidence that job strain and an imbalance<br />

between effort and reward are exacerbated<br />

in the case of many (though not all)<br />

precarious workers. This trend implies a<br />

need for policy interventions which reshape<br />

the parameters of job demands, control<br />

and reward (sheeran & silverman, 2003;<br />

o’rourke & Garrett, 2003). poor working<br />

conditions often force workers to adopt<br />

detrimental behavioural patterns, such as<br />

consistently working long hours, which<br />

results in insufficient sleep, poor diet,<br />

fatigue, and poorer educational<br />

performance among children and student<br />

workers, and drug use among poorly paid<br />

workers. some critics of this approach<br />

argue that the lifestyle perspective focuses<br />

on individual responsibility for protecting<br />

konso women are known in Ethiopia for their abilities transporting<br />

large packages of enormous volume and weight on their backs. This<br />

young woman is returning from a hard day of work at a sugar<br />

plantation. outskirts of konso (Ethiopia).<br />

source: gabriel brau (2007)<br />

317

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