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Fair eMployMent, eMployMent conditions, and social inequality axes migrant workers, i.e., persons employed by a country other than their own for only part of a year, are a subcategory of foreign migrant workers. Foreign visitors, tourists, or retired foreign residents are not considered immigrants. Over the last few decades, capitalist globalisation has expanded migration, transforming the lives of hundreds of millions of people around the globe. The number of international migrants has more than doubled since 1975, with most of them living in Europe (56 million), Asia (50 million), and North America (41 million). Nowadays, 3 % of the world population resides in a country other than where they were born (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs [UNDESA], 2006). The main reasons for migration include war conflicts and economic factors such as poverty or unemployment, among others (Global Commission on International Migration [GCIM], 2005). Globalisation has challenged farming and agricultural sectors, which constitute the major means of livelihood in poor regions. Large numbers of people are forced to migrate from rural to urban areas and into situations of terrible vulnerability when subsistence agriculture is replaced by cash crop economies under corporate pressure linked to neoliberal governments, when corrupt governments militarise and force people out of their land, or when ethnic groups and indigenous people are evicted from their territories (Acharya & Marjit, 2000; Bhattacherjee, 2000). Workers migrate away from their families and communities to serve as a labour force in rich countries, often filling jobs that national workers are reluctant to take. Immigrant workers are often appointed as cheap labourers with precarious arrangements in which they often cannot find adequate support for their families. In most countries the majority of migrant workers are found in the agriculture, food processing, or construction sectors, in semi-skilled or unskilled manufacturing jobs, domestic work, and in <strong>low</strong> service jobs. An example is the labourers from Eastern Europe and central Asia working in agriculture and janitorial work in the UK (Anderson & Rogaly, 2004). Migrant women and <strong>low</strong> skilled workers are those who tend to experience more serious abuse and exploitation, and are those who are disproportionately represented in hazardous occupations and industries. In addition, the precarious legal status of millions of irregular migrant workers makes them even more vulnerable to coercion. people displace in a collective transport along a national highway on the outskirts of Mopti (Mali). source: gabriel brau (2006) 19
A group of women carrying cotton after a harvest in the fields of tiankoura (Burkina Faso). Although wages are miserable and profits are mostly enjoyed by large international companies, for the people of this region this work provides extra earnings for their ailing economy. source: gabriel brau (2005)
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Employment relations and health ine
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Policies and Interventions 9 "The k
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policies and interventions to reduc
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policies and interventions case stu
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policies and interventions for expo
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policies and interventions Under ne
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policies and interventions his acco
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policies and interventions 9.3. eMp
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policies and interventions who actu
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policies and interventions Figure 2
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policies and interventions power re
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policies and interventions free pro
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policies and interventions employme
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policies and interventions Pública
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policies and interventions conditio
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policies and interventions factors
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policies and interventions informat
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policies and interventions financin
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policies and interventions better i
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policies and interventions referenc
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policies and interventions Table 14
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policies and interventions urban ar
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policies and interventions precario
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policies and interventions could es
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policies and interventions home-bas
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policies and interventions prison l
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policies and interventions 9.6. ass
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policies and interventions along wi
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Epilogue: the economic crisis 10
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis this
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis all o
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Case
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis group
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis feedi
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis short
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis commu
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epilogue: the econoMic crisis Refer
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Conclusions & recommendations 11 "I
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conclusions and recommendations sho
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conclusions and recommendations •
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Appendix
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AppeNdIx recommendation no. 190 and
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AppeNdIx employment conditions. emp
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AppeNdIx Forced labour. Although th
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AppeNdIx Job discrimination. this t
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AppeNdIx in: muntaner, c., Benach,
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AppeNdIx in: Bartley, m., & Ferrie,
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AppeNdIx work intensification. work
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AppeNdIx Bank's Atlas method (adjus
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AppeNdIx table a2. descriptive stat
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AppeNdIx table a3. labour market fa
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AppeNdIx CorE sEmi-pEriphEry pEriph
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AppeNdIx Country clusters table A5
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AppeNdIx semi-peripheral countries
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AppeNdIx Figure a6. Health indicato
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RefeRences RefeRences 1. IntroductI
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arrangements and precariousness in
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International Labour Organization.
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Benach (Eds.), Desigualtats en salu
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Instituto Nacional de Estadística
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desde América Latina y el Caribe.
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Woldehanna, T., Guta, F., & Ferede,
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unemployment Chan, W. S., Yip, P. S
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International Labour Organization.
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Clarke, S., Sloane, D., & Aiken, L.
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among residents in the Trent region
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Sales, E. C., & Santana, V. S. (200
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Parent-Thirion, A., Fernandez, M. E
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Unemployment and mental health: Und
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Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A.,
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Chilcoat, E. (2008). Pinkie promise
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Africa. Perspective of Global Devel
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freight transport and distribution
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Índex LIST OF FIGURES 2. Fair empl
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Table A5. Country clusters by labou
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Case study 43. Sexual orientation,
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acronyms and abrevIatures AIDS - Ac
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autHors and contrIbutors CORE GROUP
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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Maria da Graça Luderitz Hoefel. Ho
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INSTITUTIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT
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