Employmentweb_low

AppeNdIx
semi-peripheral countries
cluster analyses of labour market inequality and poverty factor scores
resulted in 3 clusters each in semi-peripheral and peripheral countries (table
A5). the first cluster of semi-peripheral countries consists of mostly east Asian
countries and eastern european countries. Both of these regions are marked by
an emphasis on industrialisation and thus incorporation of rural workers into
urban industrial centers (cook, 2007; Haggard & kaufman, 2008). massive
growth in urban working populations has necessitated the development of labour
contracts, but these are not as strongly regulated as in core countries. the
relationship between the workers, companies and governments was often
partially democratic and embedded in labour institutions, but at the same time
was more authoritarian than in core countries. For this reason we named this
cluster the "marginal labour institutions" cluster.
the second cluster includes mostly middle income (Argentina, chile, mexico)
and more stable (costa rica) latin American countries, south Africa and kuwait.
these countries underwent limited industrialization with stagnated economic
development and hence did not incorporate as many rural populations as in the
first cluster (cook, 2007; Haggard & kaufman, 2008). nevertheless, the jobs
available in urban centers attracted immigrants from rural areas and adjacent
countries into cities, producing massive urban slums and large informal sectors.
therefore we call this cluster the "emerging labour institutions" cluster.
the last cluster of semi-peripheral countries includes countries where
industrialisation has lagged due to civil wars and other crises, with the majority of their
national income deriving from oil exports, with a tendency towards authoritarian
governments. labour markets in these countries are largely composed of informal
sectors, and thus informal contracts. therefore, we named them the "informal labour
market" cluster. we used the term "labour market" instead of "labour institution" to
signify the informal nature of labour contracts in these countries.
peripheral countries
the first cluster of peripheral countries consists of mostly former
communist countries. this makes them similar to the semi-peripheral
countries. the developmentalist and universalistic tendencies (cook, 2007;
rosenstein rodan, 1943) of the ex-communist countries have enabled them to
distinguish themselves from the rest of the peripheral region through
industrialisation and relatively less poverty.
the third cluster of peripheral countries is composed of the world's poorest
countries. this cluster is marked by a significantly higher labpov score when
compared to the rest of the peripheral region. these countries suffer from long
term wars, natural disasters and epidemics, to the extent that the nation-state
cannot function. we named this the "insecure labour market" cluster.
As a result, the second cluster of peripheral countries included relatively diverse
countries in the peripheral region that are not as homogenous as the postcommunist
labour market, but also not as devastated as the insecure labour market
type. we named this cluster "less successful informal labour market", following the
informal labour market label used in semi-peripheral countries.
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