Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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• Disinfectants and disinfectant byproducts (i.e., bromine, chlorine, and iodine);and,• Nanoparticles.As it was not possible to conduct a quantitative evaluation <strong>of</strong> the effects on Fraser Riversockeye salmon associated with exposure to uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern, analternate approach was adopted to determine if these substances could be causing orsubstantially contributing to the decline <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeye salmon. This approachinvolved conducting qualitative evaluations <strong>of</strong> the potential effects <strong>of</strong> endocrine disruptingcompounds and contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern on sockeye salmon. This chapterdescribed the methods that were used in the qualitative evaluations and presents the results<strong>of</strong> these analyses.6.1 <strong>Potential</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Sockeye SalmonThere is a substantial body <strong>of</strong> scientific evidence demonstrating that many <strong>of</strong> thesubstances released to the environment due to human activities have the potential tomodulate or disrupt the endocrine system <strong>of</strong> aquatic organisms, wildlife, and humans. Theterm, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, has been used to describe the chemicals thatinterfere with the production, release, metabolism, binding, action, or elimination <strong>of</strong> thenatural hormones that are responsible for the maintenance <strong>of</strong> homeostasis (i.e., metabolicequilibrium), reproduction, development, and/or behaviour (USEPA 2010a). This sectionprovides background information on the endocrine system, identifies potential endocrinedisrupting compounds in the Fraser River Basin, evaluates the potential effects <strong>of</strong>endocrine disrupting compounds in fish, describes potential exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon toendocrine disrupting compounds, and assesses potential risks to sockeye associated withexposure to endocrine disrupting compounds in the Fraser River Basin.6.1.1 Role <strong>of</strong> the Endocrine System in FishThe endocrine system is a complex internal chemical signalling system comprised <strong>of</strong>glands, organs, and tissues that secrete hormones into the bloodstream (MPCA 2008).Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate many bodily processes in fish and othervertebrates, including maintenance <strong>of</strong> homeostatis (i.e., internal equilibrium), growth,development, metabolic processes, sexual reproduction, and behaviour (USEPA 2010a).Hormones can be characterized into several classes <strong>of</strong> compounds, including75
glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptides, steroids, modified amino acids, catecholamines,prostoglandins, and retinoic acid. These substances are transported in the blood at lowconcentrations and bind to specific sites on cell membranes (i.e., for non-steroidalhormones) or the nucleus <strong>of</strong> the cells (i.e., for steroidal hormones) <strong>of</strong> the target tissues andorgans. These binding sites, termed receptors, are located throughout the body, are <strong>of</strong>tenlocated far from the gland that produced the hormone. Some <strong>of</strong> the major endocrineglands in fish include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary, and testes. Some <strong>of</strong> the target organs and tissues underendocrine control include mammary glands, bone, muscle, the nervous system, andreproductive organs (Crisp et al. 1998). An overview <strong>of</strong> selected major endocrine glandsand their target tissues is provided in Figure 6.1 (Tarrant et al. 2005).6.1.2 Identification <strong>of</strong> Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the Fraser RiverBasinAn environmental endocrine disruptor can be described as an exogenous substance ormixture <strong>of</strong> substances that interferes with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding,action, or elimination <strong>of</strong> natural hormones and causes an adverse effect on themaintenance <strong>of</strong> homeostasis, development, reproduction, or behaviour (Crisp et al. 1998).An endocrine disruptor is considered to be any natural substance, synthetic chemical, orchemical mixture that mimics, enhances, or inhibits the action <strong>of</strong> hormones.Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are not a discrete class <strong>of</strong> chemicals. Rather, endocrinedisrupting compounds include a wide variety <strong>of</strong> substances that are released into theenvironment from natural and anthropogenic sources. While there is no universallyacceptedsystem for identifying or classifying endocrine disrupting compounds, thesecontaminants can be classified into a number <strong>of</strong> general categories based on their origin orchemical characteristics, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, industrialchemicals, pesticides, inorganic and organometallic compounds, and biogenic compounds(MPCA 2008). Each <strong>of</strong> these general categories <strong>of</strong> endocrine disrupting compounds arebriefly described below. In addition, the contaminants in the Fraser River Basin that areknown or suspected to be endocrine disrupting compounds were identified using thepriority list developed for the European Commission (BKH Consulting Engineers 2000).Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products - This category <strong>of</strong> endocrine disruptingcompounds includes synthetic hormones, over-the-counter medications, prescriptiondrugs, and ingredients found in cosmetics, toiletries, detergents, and cleaning products.Natural steroid hormones (such as estrone, 17ß-estradiol, and estriol) and synthetic76
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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Page 59 and 60: • Personal care products (fragran
Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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