Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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The CCME Water Quality Index (CCME WQI):CCME WQI =⎛⎜⎝2 2F +F +F121.73223⎞⎟⎠The divisor 1.732 normalizes the resultant values to a range between 0 and 100,where 0 represents the“worst” water quality and 100 represents the “best”waterquality.The CCME Water Quality Index calculation produces an index that ranges between 0and 100. In addition, the Water Quality Index can be classified categorically:• Excellent water quality (WQI: 95 - 100);• Good water quality (WQI: 80 - 94);• Fair water quality (65 - 79);• Marginal water quality (45 - 64); and,• Poor water quality (0 - 44).A4.3.3 Compilation <strong>of</strong> Toxicity Screening Values for the Preliminary Evaluation<strong>of</strong> <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Potential</strong> ConcernToxicity Screening Values for Surface Water - A tiered approach was used to selecttoxicity screening values for surface-water chemistry data for the Fraser River Basin.Using this procedure, the lower <strong>of</strong> the Canadian water quality guidelines (CCME 1999)or the British Columbia approved and working water quality criteria (BCMOE 2010)was selected as the toxicity screening value for a chemical <strong>of</strong> potential concern. Bothtypes <strong>of</strong> benchmarks define the concentrations <strong>of</strong> these chemicals in water that wouldnot adversely affect any life stage <strong>of</strong> any aquatic species that are exposed for extendedtime periods. If such guidelines or criteria were not available for a substance, then thecriterion continuous concentration promulgated by USEPA (2009) or a similar value(i.e., JWQB 1998) was selected as the toxicity screening value. For toxicity screeningvalues that are hardness, pH, or temperature dependent, data on the characteristics <strong>of</strong>each water sample were used to calculate a sample-specific toxicity screening valuefor that chemical <strong>of</strong> potential concern in water.Toxicity Screening Values for Sediment - Exposure to contaminated sediments hasthe potential to adversely affect sockeye salmon during incubation <strong>of</strong> eggs and alevins.A-37
In addition, some sockeye salmon (e.g., Harrison River fish) can be exposed tosediment-associated contaminants through the consumption <strong>of</strong> benthic invertebratesduring early rearing in areas that are dominated by benthic production (e.g., sloughs inthe Lower Fraser River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest). Numerical sediment quality guidelinesprovide a basis for assessing the effects on benthic invertebrates and other aquaticorganisms associated with exposure to sediment-associated chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern. A hierarchical approach was employed to compile toxicity screening valuesfor use in this assessment. Consensus-based threshold effect concentrations(MacDonald et al. 2000a, MacDonald et al. 2000b) were chosen as toxicity screeningvalues for some metals, PAHs, sum PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides. Interimsediment quality guidelines promulgated by CCME (1999) were selected for thecontaminants for which consensus-based threshold effect concentration values havenot been developed. The BCMOE Compendium <strong>of</strong> Working Water Quality Guidelinesfor sediments (Nagpal et al. 2006) and the peer-reviewed literature (e.g., MacDonald1994) was used to further identify threshold effect concentration-type values for use inthe screening-level assessment.A4.3.4 Compilation <strong>of</strong> Water Quality, Sediment Quality, and Tissue ToxicityThresholds for the Evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> ConcernToxicity Thresholds for Water - A total <strong>of</strong> 17 substances were identified ascontaminants <strong>of</strong> concern in water, based on the results <strong>of</strong> the preliminary evaluation <strong>of</strong>contaminants <strong>of</strong> potential concern and subsequent refinement <strong>of</strong> the contaminants <strong>of</strong>concern list. For each <strong>of</strong> these substances, toxicity thresholds for sockeye salmon orother salmonid fishes were estimated using data and information contained in thepublished literature. More specifically, compilations <strong>of</strong> the available toxicity data(such is contained within substance-specific water quality guidelines and water qualitycriteria documents) were reviewed to support identification <strong>of</strong> the toxicity thresholds foreach contaminant <strong>of</strong> concern in water. The sockeye salmon-specific orsalmonid-specific toxicity thresholds were established using the following procedures:• For substances for which the toxicity screening value used in thepreliminary evaluation was based on toxicity data for non-salmonidspecies (i.e., data on the toxicity <strong>of</strong> the substance to aquatic plants,invertebrates, non-salmonid fishes, or amphibians), toxicity thresholdsfor evaluating the contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern in sockeye salmon wereestablished using one <strong>of</strong> the following procedures:1. Identify the lowest median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) obtained in atoxicity test conducted on sockeye salmon or another salmonidspecies that extended for at least 96 hours. The lowest LC 50 wasthen multiplied by a safety factor <strong>of</strong> 0.1, in accordance with CCME(1999) procedures;2. Identify the lowest effective concentration (i.e., EC 25 -type value) fora non-lethal endpoint obtained in a toxicity test conducted onA-38
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
Page 533 and 534: Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Page 547 and 548: Appendices
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Page 589 and 590: deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
Page 591 and 592: Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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