Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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BCMOE (British Columbia Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment). 2010a. British Columbia approvedwater quality guidelines (criteria). Environmental Protection Division. Victoria,British Columbia. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/wq_guidelines.html.BCMOE (British Columbia Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment). 2010b. Environmental MonitoringSystem Web Reporting (EMS WR). http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/emswrBell, A.M. 2004. An endocrine disrupter increases growth and risky behavior inthreespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Hormones and Behavior45:108-114.Bengtsson, B.E. 1980. Long-term effects <strong>of</strong> PCB (Clophen A50) on growth,reproduction and swimming performance in the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus. WaterResearch 14:681-687.Bills, T.D., and L.L. Marking. 1977. <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> residues <strong>of</strong> the polychlorinated biphenylAroclor 1254 on the sensitivity <strong>of</strong> rainbow trout to selected environmentalcontaminants. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 39:150. (As cited in Meador et al.2002).Bills, T.D., L.L. Marking, and W.L. Mauck. 1981. Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor1254) residues in rainbow trout: effects on sensitivity to nine fishery chemicals. NorthAmerican Journal <strong>of</strong> Fisheries Management 1: 200–203. (As cited in Meador et al.2002).Birkbeck, A.E., R. Hunter and D.D. Reil. 1990. Biological treatment <strong>of</strong> hogfuel leachate.Paper presented at British Columbia Waste Water Association Proceedings, April1990, Vancouver, B.C. (BC Research Reprint #766). (As cited in Samis et al. 1999).Bjorseth, A., G.E. Carlberg, N. Gjos, M. Moller, and G. Tveten. 1976. Halogenatedorganic compounds in spent bleach liquors: determination, mutagenicity, testing andbioaccumulation. In: Advances in the Identification and Analysis <strong>of</strong> Organic Pollutantsin Water Vol. 2, L.A. Keith (Ed.), Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, MI,Chap. 55, p. 1115-1 164 (1976). (As cited in Environment Canada and Health Canada1991).BKH Consulting Engineers. 2000. Towards the establishment <strong>of</strong> a priority list <strong>of</strong>substances for further evaluation <strong>of</strong> their role in endocrine disruption - preparation <strong>of</strong> acandidate list <strong>of</strong> substances as a basis for priority setting. Prepared for EuropeanCommission DG ENV. Prepared by BKH Consulting Engineers. Delft, TheNetherlands.Brannon, E.L. 1987. Mechanisms stabilizing salmonif fry emergence timing. In: H.D.Smith, L. Margolis, and C.C. Wood (Eds). Sockeye salmon (Onchorynchus nerka)population biology and future management. Canadian Special Publication onFisheries and Aquatic Sciences 96.143
Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M. Gamberg, K. Poole, R. Currie, M. Dodd, W.Duschenko, J. Eamer, B. Elkin, M. Evans, S. Grundy, C. Hebert, R. Johnstone, K.Burgner, R.L. 1999. Spatial and temporal trends <strong>of</strong> contaminants in Canadian Arcticfreshwater and terrestrial ecosystems: a review. The Science <strong>of</strong> the Total Environment230(1-3):145-207.Burgner, R.L. 1991. Life history <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon (Onchorynchus nerka). In: C. Grootand L. Margolis (Eds). Pacific Salmon Life Histories. UBC Press. Vancouver,British Columbia.Bustnes, J.O., E. Lie, D. Herzke, T. Dempster, P.A. Bjorn, T. Nygard, and I. Uglem.2010. Salmon farms as a source <strong>of</strong> organohalogenated contaminants in wild fish.Environmental Science and Technology 44(22):8736-8743.Caux, P.Y, D. MacDonald, D.R. Moore, and H.J. Singleton. 1997. Ambient waterquality criteria for turbidity, suspended and benthic sediments in British Columbia.Technical Appendix. Prepared for Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment Lands and Parks.Prepared by Cadmus Group. Ottawa, Ontario.CCME (Canadian Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Environment). 1996. A framework fordeveloping ecosystem health goals, objectives, and indicators: Tools forecosystem-based management. Winnipeg, Manitoba.CCME (Canadian Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Environment). 1999. Canadianenvironmental quality guidelines. Guidelines and Standards Division. EnvironmentCanada. Winnipeg, Manitoba. Includes updates to 2010.CCME (Canadian Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers <strong>of</strong> the Environment). 2001. CCME Water QualityIndex 1.0 Technical Report. 13 pp.Chakravorty, S., B. Lal., and T.P. Singh. 1992. <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> endosulfan (thiodan) onvitellogenesis and its modulation by different hormones in the vitellogenic catfishClarias batrachus. Toxicology 75:191-198. (As cited in Pait and Nelson 2002).Cheek, A.O., T.H. Brouwer, S. Carroll, S., Manning, J.A. McLachlan, and M. Brouwer.2001. Experimental evaluation <strong>of</strong> vitellogenin as a predictive biomarker forreproductive endocrine disruption. Environmental Health Perspective 106(Suppl):5-10. (As cited in Pait and Nelson 2002).Christiansen, L.B., K.L. Pedersen, B. Korsgaard, and P. Bjerregaard. 1998. Estrogenicity<strong>of</strong> xenobiotics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using in vivo synthesis <strong>of</strong>vitellogenin as a biomarker. Elsevier Science Ltd.Clapp, R.T., C.A. Truemper, S. Aziz, and T. Reschke. 1996. AOX content <strong>of</strong> papermanufactured with “chlorine free” pulps. Tappi Journal 79(3):111-113.144
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
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Page 149 and 150: potential concern were documented a
Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
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Page 155 and 156: • The majority of</strong
Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
Page 165 and 166: the low returns of
Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
Page 195 and 196: Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
Page 197 and 198: Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
Page 199 and 200: Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
Page 201 and 202: Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
Page 203 and 204: Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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