Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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• Petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., oil and grease, alkanes);• Polychlorinated biphenyls;• Phthalate esters (e.g., BEHP);• Plastics-manufacturing chemicals (e.g., bisphenol A);• Fire retardants (i.e., PBDEs);• Steroids, hormones, and hormone-mimicking substances (e.g., 17â-estradiol,estrone, 17á-ethinylestradiol plant sterols, phytoestrogen metabolites; seeTable 3.17);• Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, antihypertensives, anticonvulsants,antidepressants, anti-acid reflux, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and analgesiccompounds; see Table 3.17);• Personal care products (fragrances, insect repellants, detergents,antimicrobials, fungicides, surfactants, and stimulants; see Table 3.17); and,• Disinfectants (e.g., bromine, chlorine, iodine and disinfection byproducts).3.1.1.13 Salmonid Enhancement FacilitiesThere are at least 37 salmonid enhancement facilities located in the Fraser River Basin(Figure 3.14; Table 3.19). These facilities include six major hatcheries (includingChilliwack River Hatchery, Chehalis River Hatchery, Inch Creek Hatchery, Spius CreekHatchery, Upper Pitt River Hatchery, and Shuswap River Hatchery), four spawningchannels (including Weaver Creek Spawning Channel, Nadina River Spawning Channel,Horsefly Spawning Channel, and Gates Creek Spawning Channel), and at least 24 publicinvolvement or community development projects. In addition, at least two lakefertilization projects have been conducted within the study area, including Chilko Lake(fertilized in 1988 and 1990-1993) and Adams Lake (fertilized in 1997; Figure 3.15;Shortreed et al. 2001).All <strong>of</strong> the salmonid enhancement facilities generate wastewater that is discharged intoreceiving water systems in the study area. These wastewaters are typically characterizedby elevated levels <strong>of</strong> BOD, TSS, nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and phosphorus), andmicrobiological variables (such as faecal coliforms). However, effluents from suchfacilities can also contain a variety <strong>of</strong> contaminants that occur at trace levels in uneatenfish feeds, such as PCBs, organochlorine pesticides (such as DDTs and lindane), andPCDDs/PCDFs (Maule et al. 2007; Bustnes et al. 2010; Johnson et al. 2010). In addition,the presence <strong>of</strong> antibiotics in fish hatchery effluents has been documented in recent years,33
with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, and sulfadimethoxine being the most commonlydetected chemicals (Smital 2008). Furthermore, disinfectants used to clean incubation orrearing facilities or to kill pathogens in the effluent have the potential to occur in effluentsfrom these facilities. Such products may contain chlorine (e.g., Chlorox Commercial 409),iodine (e.g., SparkDin-2), bromine (e.g., Bromax), peroxides (e.g., CalperOx), potassiumpermanganate (e.g., PermaGard), formalin, formaldehyde (e.g., Microlin; Neomolt),quartenary ammonium compounds (e.g., Bionex 50), isopropanol, and/or potassiummonopersulfate (e.g., Virkon; Oplinger and Wagner 2009; Rivas et al. 1994). Of thesubstances that are used at salmonid enhancement facilities, the following disinfectantslikely represent the highest priority contaminants relative to the potential for effects onsockeye salmon in the Fraser River Basin:• Bromine;• Chlorine;• Iodine;• Formalin; and,• Formaldehyde.3.1.2 Non-Point SourcesDiffuse or non-point source discharges represent major contaminant sources in the FraserRiver Basin. Accordingly, the nature <strong>of</strong> non-point source discharges from municipaldevelopments, agricultural activities, forestry activities, and other sources are described inthis section <strong>of</strong> the report.3.1.2.1 Run<strong>of</strong>f from Forest Management AreasThe upland areas within the Fraser River Basin are, to a large extent, actively managedtimber lands, supplying wood fibre to various pulp and paper mills, sawmills, and otherforest products manufacturing facilities within and outside the basin. The areas that havebeen recently harvested (post-1990), historically harvested (pre-1990), and recentlyaffected by wildfires (2005-2010) are shown in Figure 3.16 and described in Table 3.20.The areas affected by mountain pine beetle infestation, which can enhance run<strong>of</strong>f, areshown in Figure 3.17.In general, concerns regarding forest management activities are focussed on losses <strong>of</strong> finesediment due to accelerated erosion associated with road building and maintenance and34
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
Page 10 and 11: 5.5 Summary of the
Page 12 and 13: List of TablesTabl
Page 14 and 15: Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
Page 16 and 17: Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
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Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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