Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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Sylvestre, S., R. Brewer, M. Sekala, T. Tuominen, and G. Moyle. 1998. Survey <strong>of</strong>contaminants in Fraser River suspended sediment and water upstream and downstream<strong>of</strong> Annacis Island wastewater treatment plant (1996). DOE FRAP 1997-35.Environment Canada. Vancouver, British Columbia.Szenasy, E. 1999. Assessing the potential impact <strong>of</strong> the antisapstain chemicals, DDACand IPBC, in the Fraser River. DOE FRAP 1998-07. Prepared for EnvironmentCanada. Vancouver, British Columbia. Prepared by ESB Consulting. Vancouver,British Columbia.Tarrant, H., N. Llewellyn, and A. Lyons. 2005. Endocrine disruptors in the Irish aquaticenvironment. Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency by Department <strong>of</strong>Biological Sciences, Cork Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology, Aquaculture Development Centre,University College Cork Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UnitedKingdom.Thomas, P. 1988. Reproductive endocrine function in female Atlantic croaker exposed topollutants. Marine Environmental Research 24:179-183. (As cited in Pait and Nelson2002).Tilghman Hall, A.T. and J.T. Oris. 1991. Anthracene reduces reproductive potential andis maternally transferred during long-term exposure in fathead minnows. AquaticToxicology 19:249-264.Timme-Lagary, A.R., E.D Levin, and R.T. Di Giulio. 2006. Developmental andbehavioural effects <strong>of</strong> embryonic exposure to the polybrominated diphenylethermixture DE-71 in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Chemosphere 62(7):1097-1104.Tjarnlund, U., G. Ericson, U. Orn, C. DeWit, and L. Balk. 1998. <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> twopolybrominated diphenyl ethers on rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) exposed viafood. Marine Environmental Research Vol 46(1-5):107-112.Tomy, G.T., V.P. Palace, T. Halldorson, E. Braekevelt, R. Danell, K. Wautier, B. Evans,L. Brinkworth, and A.T. Fisk. 2004. Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, andbiochemical effects <strong>of</strong> brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinusnamaycush). Environmental Science and Technology 38(5):1496-1504.Tremblay, L.T., and G. Van Der Kraak. 1998. Comparison between the effects <strong>of</strong>phytosterol B-sitosterol and pulp and paper mill effluents on sexually immaturerainbow trout. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(2):329-336. (As cited inPait and Nelson 2002).Tuvikene, A. 1995. Responses <strong>of</strong> fish to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).Annales Zoologici Fennici 32:295-309.161
USACE (U.S. Army Corps <strong>of</strong> Engineers). 1995. Guidelines for statistical treatment <strong>of</strong>less than detection limit data in dredged sediment evaluations. EEDP-04-23.Waterways Experiment Station. Vicksburg, Mississippi.USACE (United States Army Corps <strong>of</strong> Engineers). 1988. Relationship between PCBtissue residues and reproductive success <strong>of</strong> fathead minnows. Environmental <strong>Effects</strong><strong>of</strong> Dredging Technical Notes, EEDP-01-13, April 1988. Waterways ExperimentStation. Vicksburg, Mississippi.USDL (United States Department <strong>of</strong> Labor). 2010. Partial list <strong>of</strong> chemicals associatedwith diesel exhaust. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Washington,District <strong>of</strong> Columbia.USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1993. A summary <strong>of</strong> theemissions characterization and noncancer respiratory effects <strong>of</strong> wood smoke. EPA-453/R-93-036. Office <strong>of</strong> Air Quality. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Ecological riskassessment guidance for Superfund: Process for designing and conducting ecologicalrisk assessments. Environmental Response Team. Edison, New Jersey.USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Guidelines forecological risk assessment. Risk Assessment Forum. EPA/630/R-95/002F.Washington, District <strong>of</strong> Columbia.USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Methods for measuringthe toxicity and bioaccumulation <strong>of</strong> sediment-associated contaminants with freshwaterinvertebrates: Second Edition EPA/600/R-99/064. Duluth, Minnesota.USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. Aquatic Life AmbientFreshwater Quality Criteria - Cadmium. Office <strong>of</strong> Water. Office <strong>of</strong> Science andTechnology. Washington, District <strong>of</strong> Columbia. EPA 822-R-01-001.USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2007. Aquatic Life AmbientFreshwater Quality Criteria - Copper. Office <strong>of</strong> Water. Office <strong>of</strong> Science andTechnology. Washington, District <strong>of</strong> Columbia. EPA 822-R-07-001.USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2009a. Nationalrecommended water quality criteria. Office <strong>of</strong> Water. Office <strong>of</strong> Science andTechnology. Washington, District <strong>of</strong> Columbia.USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2009b. Draft 2009 updateaquatic life ambient water quality criteria for ammonia - freshwater. Office <strong>of</strong> Water.Office <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology. Washington, District <strong>of</strong> Columbia.162
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
Page 145 and 146: infection by various disease agents
Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
Page 149 and 150: potential concern were documented a
Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
Page 153 and 154: Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
Page 155 and 156: • The majority of</strong
Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
Page 159 and 160: • Development of
Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
Page 165 and 166: the low returns of
Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
Page 195 and 196: Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
Page 197 and 198: Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
Page 199 and 200: Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
Page 201 and 202: Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
Page 203 and 204: Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
Page 219 and 220: Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
Page 221 and 222: Table 3.10. Locations of</s
Page 223 and 224: Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.15. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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