Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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$ Water quality data collected four years after the brood year wereused to calculate the index during the upstream migrationexposure period.For example, water quality data collected between April 1, 2007 and March 31, 2008from all water quality stations in the rearing habitats for the Birkenhead stock weregrouped together to calculate one index for the rearing period for the 2006 Birkenheadstock. In the case <strong>of</strong> smolt outmigration the index was inclusive <strong>of</strong> all applicable waterquality stations in the migration corridor between the rearing area and the mouth <strong>of</strong> theFraser River. Similarly, in the case <strong>of</strong> the adult upstream migration, applicable waterquality stations in the migration corridor between the mouth <strong>of</strong> the Fraser River and thespawning grounds were included.The calculation <strong>of</strong> the Water Quality Index (Saffran et al. 2001) requires at least fourindependent measurements <strong>of</strong> at least four water quality variables for each period <strong>of</strong> time(i.e., index period). As data on water quality variables were not consistent spatially ortemporally for all stocks, the variables and samples used in the index calculations had thepotential to be inconsistent within and between stocks from year-to-year.A description <strong>of</strong> the calculation is provided below [from the CCME Water Quality Index 1.0User=s Manual (Saffran et al. 2001)]:Calculation <strong>of</strong> the IndexAfter the body <strong>of</strong> water [or group <strong>of</strong> water quality stations], the period <strong>of</strong> time, andthe variables and objectives have been defined, each <strong>of</strong> the three factors thatmake up the index must be calculated. The calculation <strong>of</strong> F1 and F2 is relativelystraightforward; F3 requires some additional steps.F1 (Scope) represents the percentage <strong>of</strong> variables that do not meet theirobjectives at least once during the time period under consideration (Afailedvariables@), relative to the total number <strong>of</strong> variables measured:F 1= ⎛ 100⎝ ⎜ Number <strong>of</strong> failed variables⎞⎟ ×Total number <strong>of</strong> variables ⎠F2 (Frequency) represents the percentage <strong>of</strong> individual tests that do not meetobjectives (“failed tests”):F 2= ⎛ 100⎝ ⎜ Number <strong>of</strong> failed tests⎞⎟ ×Total number <strong>of</strong> tests ⎠F3 (Amplitude) represents the amount by which failed test values do not meettheir objectives. F3 is calculated in three steps.A-35
i) The number <strong>of</strong> times by which an individual concentration is greater than (or lessthan, when the objective is a minimum) the objective is termed an “excursion” andis expressed as follows. When the test value must not exceed the objective:Excursion i= ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ Failed test value⎞Objective⎟⎠− 1jFor the cases in which the test value must not fall below the objective:Excursion i= ⎛ ⎝ ⎜Objectivej ⎞⎟ − 1Failed test value⎠ii) The collective amount by which individual tests are out <strong>of</strong> compliance iscalculated by summing the excursions <strong>of</strong> individual tests from their objectives anddividing by the total number <strong>of</strong> tests (both those meeting objectives and those notmeeting objectives). This variable, referred to as the normalized sum <strong>of</strong>excursions, or nse, is calculated as:nse =n∑ excursionii=1Number<strong>of</strong> testsiii) F3 is then calculated by an asymptotic function that scales the normalized sum<strong>of</strong> the excursions from objectives (nse) to yield a range between 0 and 100.F 3= ⎛ 100⎝ ⎜ nse ⎞⎟ ×0.01 nse + 0.01⎠Once the factors have been obtained, the index itself can be calculated bysumming the three factors as if they were vectors. The sum <strong>of</strong> the squares <strong>of</strong> eachfactor is therefore equal to the square <strong>of</strong> the index. This approach treats the indexas a three-dimensional space defined by each factor along one axis. With thismodel, the index changes in direct proportion to changes in all three factors.A-36
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
Page 531 and 532: Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
Page 533 and 534: Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
Page 535 and 536: Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Page 543 and 544: Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
Page 545 and 546: Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
Page 547 and 548: Appendices
Page 549 and 550: SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
Page 551 and 552: obtained on one species, sometimes
Page 553 and 554: • For substances for which the se
Page 555 and 556: WeaknessesThere is a lot of
Page 557 and 558: Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
Page 559 and 560: the potential effects of</s
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Page 567 and 568: 4. Keyword searches for water quali
Page 569 and 570: A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
Page 571 and 572: River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
Page 573 and 574: Table A3.1. Water quality stations
Page 575 and 576: Table A3.1. Water quality stations
Page 577 and 578: Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
Page 579 and 580: when multiple samples were reported
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Page 585 and 586: In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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Page 589 and 590: deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
Page 591 and 592: Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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