Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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epellants, and in floorings, paints, and adhesives (MPCA 2008). These substancescan be released to the environment during the production <strong>of</strong> consumer products, asthese products are used, or as such products age and weather. The principal sources<strong>of</strong> bisphenol A and phthalate esters are municipal wastewater treatment plant, landfills,contaminated sites, and other facilities that utilize products containing these chemicals.Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) are a group <strong>of</strong> non-ionic surfactants that havenumerous agricultural, industrial, and household applications (MPCA 2008). Thesesubstances are used in the production <strong>of</strong> detergents, paints, fragrances, spermicides,and certain pesticide formulations (MPCA 2008). Nonylphenol and octylphenol arebreakdown products <strong>of</strong> APEOs. The principal sources <strong>of</strong> APEOs in the Fraser RiverBasin are likely to include municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, textile planteffluents, and run<strong>of</strong>f or effluent from industrial sites (Johannessen and Ross 2002).Landfills and contaminated sites are likely to be additional sources <strong>of</strong> thesecontaminants.Pesticides - A wide variety <strong>of</strong> legacy and in-use pesticides were identified as uncertaincontaminants <strong>of</strong> concern in the Fraser River Basin. Legacy organochlorine pesticidesare derived from multiple sources, with long-range atmospheric transport andcontaminated soils/sediments likely being the most important. In-use pesticides arereleased to the environment from wood preservation facilities, agricultural operations,and forest management activities. Land fills and wastewater treatment plants can alsorepresent significant sources <strong>of</strong> these contaminants.Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds - Methyl mercury and organotins are theprincipal inorganic and organometallic contaminants in the Fraser River Basin thathave been demonstrated or suspected to act as endocrine disruptors. The principalsources <strong>of</strong> mercury in the study area include in situ sediments contaminated in thepast, active and abandoned mines, industrial facilities, municipal wastewater treatmentplants, and atmospheric deposition (Rudd 1995). Inorganic mercury can be convertedto MeHg in lake, riverine, or wetland sediments. The principal source <strong>of</strong> organotins tothe aquatic environment is through the application and weathering <strong>of</strong> antifouling paintson ocean-going vessels (Maguire 1996). Therefore, sediments in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> bulkstorage and shipping facilities in the Lower Fraser River represent the main sources <strong>of</strong>organotins within the study area.Biogenic Compounds - Phytosterols and phytoestrogens are naturally occurringsubstances that can act as endocrine disruptors when released into the environment.81
Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, and other wood processing facilities are likely torepresent the principal anthropogenic sources <strong>of</strong> these contaminants in the FraserRiver Basin.6.1.4 Pathways for Exposure <strong>of</strong> Fraser River Sockeye Salmon toEndocrine-Disrupting ChemicalsSockeye salmon utilizing habitats in the Fraser River Basin can be exposed to endocrinedisrupting compounds through several pathways. First, direct contact with surface wateris likely to represent an important exposure route for the endocrine disrupting compoundsthat tend to partition into water. Fish have been shown to accumulate nonylphenols,chlorinated phenols, and 17-ethinylestradiol through direct exposure to surface water(Asplund et al. 1999; Larsson et al. 1999; Lye et al. 1999). Certain pesticides (e.g.,organophosphates) and low molecular weight PAHs have octanol-water partitioncoefficients (log Kows) <strong>of</strong> < 4.0 and, hence, can partition into water. Therefore, surfacewater represents a relevant exposure route to these chemicals for sockeye salmon.Many <strong>of</strong> the endocrine disrupting compounds identified in the study area (see Section6.1.2) have log Kows that exceed four and, hence, are considered to be hydrophobic. As aresult, endocrine disrupting compounds such as PCBs, PCDDs/PCDFs, PBDEs, highmolecular weight PAHs, organochlorine pesticides, phthalate esters, and organometalliccompounds tend to partition into particulate matter upon release into aquatic ecosystems.Sockeye salmon can be exposed to these classes <strong>of</strong> endocrine disrupting compoundsduring incubation (i.e., if contaminated sediments are present in incubation substrates orcontaminated groundwater is discharged through such habitats). In addition, sockeyesalmon can be exposed to these substances when particulate matter is released inassociation with effluent discharges from an upland source (e.g., municipal or industrialwastewater) or when contaminated sediments are resuspended in the water column.Exposure to contaminated suspended sediments is most likely to occur during smoltoutmigration and/or upstream migration <strong>of</strong> adult sockeye salmon (i.e., direct releases <strong>of</strong>endocrine disrupting compounds to nursery lakes were not identified in this investigation).Hydrophobic endocrine disrupting compounds also tend to be lipophillic and, hence, tendto accumulate in the tissues <strong>of</strong> aquatic organisms. There is a substantial body <strong>of</strong> literaturedemonstrating that PCBs, PCDDs/PCDFs, PBDEs, organochloride pesticides, andmercury bioaccumulate and/or biomagnify in aquatic food webs. While sockeye salmoncould be exposed to such endocrine disrupting compounds during rearing in nursery lakes,it is more likely that such exposures would occur in rearing habitats in the Lower Fraser82
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
Page 59 and 60: • Personal care products (fragran
Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 69 and 70: the substances most amenable to lon
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Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107: and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
Page 125 and 126: emoval efficiency of</stron
Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
Page 133 and 134: concern relative to human or enviro
Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
Page 145 and 146: infection by various disease agents
Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
Page 149 and 150: potential concern were documented a
Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
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Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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