Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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River. Hence, this route <strong>of</strong> exposure is likely to be important for those stocks that spend aconsiderable period <strong>of</strong> time rearing in habitats located in the lower Fraser River (e.g.,Harrison River stocks).6.1.5 <strong>Potential</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on FishExposure to endocrine disrupting compounds has the potential to cause a variety <strong>of</strong>adverse effects in fish. Based on a review <strong>of</strong> the available literature, Crisp et al. (1998)identified the following types <strong>of</strong> effects in vertebrates exposed to endocrine disruptingcompounds:• Abnormal thyroid function;• Decreased fertility;• Decreased hatching success;• Demasculinization and feminization;• Defeminization and masculinization; and,• Alteration <strong>of</strong> immune function.The following sections <strong>of</strong> this document provide brief summaries <strong>of</strong> the types <strong>of</strong> effectsthat have been observed in salmonids or other fish species exposed to the endocrinedisrupting compounds that are likely to occur in aquatic habitats within the study area.Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products - Hormones, synthetic hormones,nonylphenols, and other surfactants were identified as the principal pharmaceuticalsand personal care products that have been released into the Fraser River and/or itstributaries that are known or suspected to be endocrine disruptors. Based on theresults <strong>of</strong> controlled laboratory studies, it is apparent that exposure to these classes <strong>of</strong>endocrine disrupting compounds can cause a variety <strong>of</strong> adverse effects on fish,including salmonids.Natural Hormones - There are a number <strong>of</strong> natural hormones that are commonlyreleased to surface waters in discharges from municipal wastewater treatment plants.To evaluate the effects <strong>of</strong> such hormones on fish, McCormick et al. (2005)administered four doses (2 µg/g each) <strong>of</strong> 17ß-estradiol, the predominant sex hormonein women, to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr during the course <strong>of</strong> the experiment.After 14 days, exposed and control fish were placed in seawater to assess salinitytolerance. The results <strong>of</strong> this study indicated that parr-smolt transformation and83
salinity tolerance were significantly compromised in the fish that were administered17ß-estradiol, as evidenced by increased plasma sodium and calcium levels. Gillsodium-potassium ATPase activity was reduced by about 20% compared to thecontrol treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant.Synthetic Hormones - Exposure <strong>of</strong> fish to synthetic hormones, such as 17áethinylestradiol(a common component <strong>of</strong> oral contraceptives), can also cause adverseeffects on fish. For example, Scholz and Gutzeit (2000) reported that exposure <strong>of</strong>newly hatched male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to 100 ng/L <strong>of</strong> 17áethinylestradiolfor two months resulted in sex reversal <strong>of</strong> 100% <strong>of</strong> the fish (i.e., allmale fish developed ovaries). Reduced egg production and gonado-somatic indexwere observed in female medaka exposed to 10 or 100 ng/L <strong>of</strong> this substance for 60-d(Scholz and Gutzeit 2000). Similar results were observed in an 85- to 110-d test withthis species, with 91% <strong>of</strong> the fish in the 100 ng/L exposure group identified as female(Metcalfe et al. 2001). Ovotestis was observed in males exposed to 1 ng/L or 10 ng/L<strong>of</strong> this substance. In a life-cycle (305-d) test with fathead minnows (Pimephalespromelas), Lange et al. (2001) observed significant changes in sex ratios <strong>of</strong> fishexposed to concentrations <strong>of</strong> 17á-ethinylestradiol as low as 4.0 ng/L. A no observedeffect level <strong>of</strong> 1.0 ng/L was reported based on the results <strong>of</strong> this study. In three-spinedsticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), chronic exposure to 100 ng/L <strong>of</strong> 17áethinylestradiolreduced the survival <strong>of</strong> males, increased growth in fry, juveniles, andsub-adults, and increased the frequency <strong>of</strong> risky foraging behaviour (Bell 2004).Insufficient data were obtained to establish toxicity thresholds <strong>of</strong> synthetic hormonesfor salmonid fishes; however, a level <strong>of</strong> 1.0 ng/L might be generally protective <strong>of</strong> fishagainst estrogenic effects associated with exposure to 17-ethinylestradiol.Alkylphenols and Alkylphenol polyethoxylates - Alkylphenols and alkylphenolpolyethoxylates have been shown to have adverse effects on fish in laboratory studies.For example, McCormick et al. (2005) injected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parrwith doses <strong>of</strong> 4-nonylphenol ranging from 0.5 to 150 µg/g, in each case repeating thetreatment on days 4, 8, and 11. Exposed and control fish were transferred to seawateron day 14 <strong>of</strong> the experiment to assess salinity tolerance. The results <strong>of</strong> this studyindicated that parr-smolt transformation and salinity tolerance were significantlycompromised in the fish that were administered the highest dose <strong>of</strong> 4-nonylphenol, asevidenced by increased plasma sodium and calcium levels. Gill sodium-potassiumATPase activity was reduced by about 30% compared to the control treatment, but thedifference was not statistically significant.84
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 69 and 70: the substances most amenable to lon
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Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 113 and 114: and gonadosomatic index scores were
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Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
Page 125 and 126: emoval efficiency of</stron
Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
Page 133 and 134: concern relative to human or enviro
Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
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Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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