Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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al. (1997) exposed goldfish to concentrations <strong>of</strong> â-sitosterol (one <strong>of</strong> the major plantsterols discharged from pulp and paper mills) ranging from 75 to 1200 µg/L for aperiod <strong>of</strong> 12 days. These concentrations were considered to be typical for bleachedkraftmill effluent. The results <strong>of</strong> this study showed that the concentrations <strong>of</strong>reproductive steroids (androgens and estrogens) in plasma were reduced in fish <strong>of</strong> bothsexes exposed to this substance. In contrast, Tremblay and Van Der Kraak (1998)reported that vitellogenin production was induced in immature rainbow trout exposedto â-sitosterol for three weeks. In the highest exposure treatments (75 and 100 µg/L)plasma testosterone was undetectable in rainbow trout, indicating that exposure to thissubstance causes androgen suppression (Tremblay and Van Der Kraak 1998).6.1.6 <strong>Potential</strong> Exposure <strong>of</strong> Sockeye Salmon to Endocrine-DisruptingChemicals in the Fraser River BasinThe available data do not support a quantitative analysis <strong>of</strong> exposures <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmonto endocrine disrupting compounds in the Fraser River Basin. However, the informationavailable in the scientific literature indicates that endocrine disruption in fish is most likelyto be observed in association with three types <strong>of</strong> land use, including (Pait and Nelson2002):• Sewage treatment plants;• Pulp and paper mills; and,• Areas with high industrial activity/chemical contamination.Although the available data are insufficient to quantitatively evaluate exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeyesalmon to endocrine disrupting compounds associated with these land use activities,information on the location <strong>of</strong> such activities provides a basis for inferring exposure <strong>of</strong>sockeye salmon to endocrine disrupting compounds during four life history stages,including spawning and incubation, rearing, smolt outmigration, and/or adult upstreammigration. The following discussion is intended to provide such a qualitative evaluation <strong>of</strong>exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds.Exposure to Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents - Municipal wastewatertreatment plants are located throughout the Fraser River Basin. Theoretically, sockeyesalmon could be exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluents during all four <strong>of</strong> thelife history stages considered in the previous evaluations <strong>of</strong> exposure, includingspawning and incubation, rearing, smolt outmigration, and/or adult upstream migration95
(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further information). However, actual exposure to theendocrine disrupting compounds contained in wastewater treatment plant effluents canoccur only when these key life stages are present in exposure areas during periods <strong>of</strong>discharge to receiving water streams. As such, it is necessary to determine whensockeye salmon are present in areas that receive discharges from municipal wastewatertreatment plants.For incubating sockeye salmon eggs and alevins, exposure to wastewater treatmentplant effluent is likely to be negligible for most conservation units. However,significant exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds associated with municipalwastewater is likely to occur for the Harrison River sockeye salmon spawningdownstream <strong>of</strong> the wastewater treatment plant located at Harrison Hotsprings. Inaddition, certain stocks <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon (e.g., Salmon River) associated with theShuswap River conservation unit may be exposed to diluted wastewater treatmentplant effluent during incubation.No information was located that indicated that any <strong>of</strong> the wastewater treatment plantsin the Fraser River Basin discharge directly into nursery lakes used for early rearing bysockeye salmon. Accordingly, it is assumed that exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon towastewater treatment plant effluent is negligible for virtually all stocks in the studyarea. The exception could be the Harrison River stocks that rear in backwater areasand sloughs within the Lower Fraser River for a period <strong>of</strong> time before migrating toGeorgia Strait.There are numerous wastewater treatment plant located along the migration corridorsfor sockeye salmon in the Fraser River Basin (Figure 3.12). The magnitude andduration <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds associated with wastewatertreatment plant effluents is a function <strong>of</strong> the level <strong>of</strong> treatment used (i.e., primary,secondary, or tertiary treatment), the volume <strong>of</strong> effluent discharged to receivingwaters, the dilution capacity <strong>of</strong> receiving water systems, distance travelled duringdownstream or upstream migration, and sockeye salmon residence time in areas withsignificant effluent discharges. As residence time <strong>of</strong> outmigrating smolts and upstreammigrating adults in various sections <strong>of</strong> the Fraser River mainstem is unknown for moststocks, it is assumed that the magnitude and duration <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrinedisrupting compounds in wastewater treatment plant effluents are high for up-riverstocks with the longest migration distances (i.e., those returning to the Quesnel,Bowron, and Nechako river watersheds), moderate for stocks with intermediatemigration distances (i.e., those returning to the Chilko, Seton-Portage, and Thompson96
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
Page 113 and 114: and gonadosomatic index scores were
Page 115 and 116: the lowest observed effect concentr
Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
Page 119 and 120: Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
Page 121: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
Page 145 and 146: infection by various disease agents
Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
Page 149 and 150: potential concern were documented a
Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
Page 153 and 154: Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
Page 155 and 156: • The majority of</strong
Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
Page 159 and 160: • Development of
Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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