Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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Nevertheless, there are a number <strong>of</strong> natural sources <strong>of</strong> atmospheric contaminants that canresult in contamination <strong>of</strong> aquatic ecosystems. These sources primarily include forest firesand volcanoes (Figure 3.21; Table 3.24). Information from various sources indicates thatwood smoke contains a number <strong>of</strong> contaminants, including particulates, carbon monoxide,phenolic compounds (e.g., guaiacols, phenols, syringols, catechols), PAHs, benzene, alkylbenzenes, PCDDs/PCDFs, and numerous volatile organic compounds (USEPA 1993;Gingrich and Macfarlane 2002). By comparison, the substances most commonlyassociated with volcanic smoke and ash include silica, aluminum, potassium, sodium,calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfate, hydrochloric acid, hydr<strong>of</strong>luoric acid, and sulfuric acid(Smith et al. 1983). For the purpose <strong>of</strong> developing the Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic<strong>Contaminants</strong>, substances associated with natural atmospheric sources were notconsidered.3.1.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources <strong>of</strong> Atmospheric PollutantsThere are numerous localized sources <strong>of</strong> atmospheric pollutants in the Fraser River Basin.For example, emissions from gasoline-fuelled vehicles have been demonstrated to containvarious gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, sulfurdioxide), particulates, metals (e.g., copper, manganese, zinc), methanol, ethanol, benzene,toluene, and PAHs (Westerholm and Egeback 1994). Diesel exhaust contains many <strong>of</strong> thesame substances, but typically at higher concentrations than is the case for gasoline-fuelledvehicle emissions. In addition, diesel exhaust contains ethylene, propylene, formaldehyde,acetaldehyde, benz<strong>of</strong>uran, coumarin, menadione, and other substances (Westerholm andEgeback 1994; USDL 2010). Aquatic ecosystems in the study area can also becontaminated by such localized atmospheric sources <strong>of</strong> contaminants as industrialemissions and agricultural emissions (e.g., pesticides, fertilizers).Long-range transport <strong>of</strong> atmospheric pollutants also represents a potential source <strong>of</strong>contaminants to aquatic ecosystems in the Fraser River Basin. For many persistent semivolatileorganic compounds (SVOCs), long-range atmospheric transport represents animportant environmental fate process that results in movement <strong>of</strong> the substance from itspoint <strong>of</strong> release to distant locations (MacLeod and Mackay 2004). While the detailedmechanism for long-range atmospheric transport is still uncertain, it has been hypothesizedthat long-range atmospheric transport occurs due to repeated volatilization and deposition<strong>of</strong> persistent substances over time, typically resulting in net transport <strong>of</strong> SVOCs towardshigher altitude and higher latitude areas (Gouin et al. 2004). As a result, chemicals thatare produced or used in Central America, Mexico, the United States, or southern Canadacan be transported to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the Canadian North. Because41
the substances most amenable to long-range atmospheric transport are persistent andhydrophobic, they tend to contaminate aquatic food webs and accumulate in highertrophic level predators (such as seals, whales, and polar bears; Muir et al. 2005). Thesubstances <strong>of</strong> greatest concern relative to long-range atmospheric transport include(Braune et al. 1999):• Metals (mercury);• Polychlorinated biphenyls;• Legacy organochlorine pesticides (e.g., DDTs, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene,toxaphene);• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenz<strong>of</strong>urans (total2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents); and,• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers.3.2 Aquatic Contaminant InventoryLand use information was compiled for each <strong>of</strong> the areas <strong>of</strong> interest within the study area(Table 3.25; Figures 3.22 to 3.36). The chemicals that may be released to aquaticecosystems in conjunction with these land uses were also identified (Table 3.26). Thisinformation on sources and releases <strong>of</strong> contaminants was then integrated to identify thesubstances that may have been released into aquatic ecosystems within each area <strong>of</strong>interest and the Fraser River Basin, in general (Table 3.27). This list <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong>potential concern, which comprises the Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic <strong>Contaminants</strong> for the FraserRiver Basin (Table 3.28), includes the following classes <strong>of</strong> contaminants:• Conventional variables (temperature, pH, alkalinity, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS);• Microbiological variables (faecal coliforms, enterococci);• Major ions (e.g., calcium, chlorides, potassium, sodium, sulphates, sulphides);• Nutrients (i.e., nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, urea, phosphorus);• Metals (i.e., aluminum, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, copper, chromium,cobalt, iron, lead, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver,strontium, vanadium, zinc);• Organometallics (i.e., methylmercury, organotins);• Cyanides;42
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
Page 49 and 50: 2011 for more information on the lo
Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
Page 55 and 56: • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
Page 59 and 60: • Personal care products (fragran
Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 71 and 72: • Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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