Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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uses, it is reasonable to conduct a single evaluation <strong>of</strong> risks to sockeye salmon associatedwith exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds originating from all three source types.Exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to endocrine disrupting compounds originating from multiplesources varies by life history stage. While there is some potential for exposure toendocrine disrupting compounds during incubation and rearing in freshwater systems (e.g.,for Harrison River and, possibly, South Thompson River stocks), such exposure is likelyto be minimal for most <strong>of</strong> the sockeye salmon stocks located within the study area. Incontrast, the migration corridors in the Fraser River Basin are likely to represent importantareas <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds. Therefore, sockeye salmonutilizing migration corridors are likely exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds derivedfrom multiple sources, with the majority <strong>of</strong> their exposure occurring during smoltoutmigration and upstream migration <strong>of</strong> adult fish.The duration <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrine disrupting compound-contaminated surface wateris likely to be variable for the various stocks <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon in the study area.Although stock-specific data were not located, Burgner (1991) reported that sockeyesalmon smolts average about 40 km/day during downstream migration. Accordingly,outmigration may take one to three weeks for Fraser River sockeye salmon stocks,depending on the distance travelled. Similarly, the duration <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrinedisrupting compounds in surface water during upstream migration varies by stock. ChilkoRiver fish travel about 600 km to their spawning grounds in about 18 days, while StuartLake fish cover about 1000 km in 24 days (Burgner 1991). Migration times for lowerriver stock would be shorter. Exposure time could be increased if fish holding at themouth <strong>of</strong> the river prior to initiating upstream migration spend a significant amount <strong>of</strong>time in the Fraser River plume. Overall, this information suggests that stocks utilizingspawning habitats located furthest from the mouth <strong>of</strong> the river (i.e., those with the longestresidence times in migration corridors) are likely to have the highest exposure to endocrinedisrupting compounds, while those destined for natal streams nearby the mouth <strong>of</strong> theFraser River are likely to have the lowest exposure to these chemicals. The duration andintensity (i.e., relative concentration <strong>of</strong> endocrine disrupting compounds; L=low,M=moderate, and H=high) <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds during smoltoutmigration and upstream migration <strong>of</strong> adults is estimated below:101
Location <strong>of</strong> NatalStreamDuration <strong>of</strong>ExposureExposure IntensityUpper watershed 18 - 24 days High for 6 daysLow to Moderate for up to 18 daysMiddle watershed 12 - 18 days High for 6 daysLow for up to 12 daysLower watershed 6 - 12 days High for 6 daysLow for up to 6 daysPait and Nelson (2002) reviewed the literature describing the effects on fish associatedwith exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds in laboratory (Table 6.2) and fieldstudies (Table 6.3). The indicators considered in that evaluation <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong>endocrine disrupting compounds on fish included vitellogenin levels, testosterone levels,17â-estradiol levels, gonadosomatic index scores, gonadal development, and incidence <strong>of</strong>intersex. The results <strong>of</strong> studies conducted with individual chemicals indicate that longtermexposure to a variety <strong>of</strong> endocrine disrupting compounds can have significant effectson such ecologically-relevant endpoints as the incidence <strong>of</strong> intersex in males and impairedgonadal development in fish. The results <strong>of</strong> field studies confirm that exposure tomunicipal wastewater treatment plant effluent or pulp and paper mill effluents canadversely affect reproduction <strong>of</strong> fish. Such reproductive abnormalities can lead topopulation level impacts on exposed fish species (Sparks et al. 2005).For Fraser River sockeye salmon, exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds duringincubation and rearing is likely to be negligible. Therefore, significant exposure toendocrine disrupting compounds is likely to occur primarily during migration periods. Theduration <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds during smolt outmigration orupstream migration <strong>of</strong> adults is likely to be on the order <strong>of</strong> 6 to 24 days for sockeyesalmon. For this reason, data from laboratory or field studies, compiled by Pait andNelson (2002), with exposure durations <strong>of</strong> 30 days (i.e., consistent with the duration <strong>of</strong>exposure for the most highly exposed stocks during migration) were considered toevaluate potential effects on Fraser River sockeye salmon associated with exposure toendocrine disrupting compounds.The results <strong>of</strong> the laboratory studies conducted on multiple species <strong>of</strong> fish, includingsalmonids, demonstrated that induction <strong>of</strong> vitellogen production was commonly observedin fish exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds for < 30 days (Pait and Nelson 2002).In some laboratory studies, gonadosomatic indices were altered relative to control fish. In102
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
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Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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