Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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a few cases, impaired gonad development and/or decreased testosterone or 17â-estradiollevels were reported. These latter effects were typically observed in fish exposed to highmolecular weight PAHs (i.e., BAP), pesticides (i.e., carb<strong>of</strong>uran), or plant-derived steroids(â-sitosterol) for 12 to 30 days. The results <strong>of</strong> in situ studies (duration <strong>of</strong>
Nevertheless, it is possible that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds are causingother types <strong>of</strong> effects that could be sufficient to adversely affect the survival, growth, orreproduction <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon in the Fraser River Basin. There is a growing body <strong>of</strong>evidence from laboratory and field studies indicating that exposure to endocrine disruptingcompounds can compromise the immune system <strong>of</strong> exposed fish. O’Halloran et al. (1998)conducted a review <strong>of</strong> the literature and concluded that metals, TBT, organochlorine andorganophosphate pesticides, PAHs, PCBs, PBBs, and PCDDs/PCDFs elicit significantimunotoxicity in fish. Importantly, such adverse effects on immune response have beendemonstrated in Pacific salmon exposed to PAHs, PCBs, and mixtures <strong>of</strong> contaminants(Arkoosh et al. 1991; 1994; Milston et al. 2003; Misumi et al. 2005). Reducedimmunocompetance associated with exposure <strong>of</strong> fish to these and other substances tendsto exacerbate disease states by lowering resistance and allowing the invasion <strong>of</strong> infectiousagents (Zelik<strong>of</strong>f and Cohen 1996; Jacobson et al. 2003).Reduced immunocompetance represents a serious concern for outmigrating sockeyesalmon smolts. To evaluate the significance <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrine disruptingcompounds on salmon smolts, Varanasi et al. (1993) collected chinook salmon fromcontaminated and uncontaminated estuaries in Washington State and held these fish for 40days in saltwater. The results <strong>of</strong> this study showed that chinook salmon with higherexposure to endocrine disrupting compound-type contaminants (as indicated by PAH,PCB, and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in stomach contents, PAH metabolitesin fish bile, and hepatic cytochrome P450 activity) had lower survival during the transitionto the saltwater environment than did fish in the low exposure treatment groups. Morespecifically, chinook from the Duwamish Waterway and Puyallup estuary (twocontaminated systems) had 56% and 58% survival, respectively, after 40 days in saltwater. By comparison, survival rates for fish from the relatively uncontaminated Nisquallyestuary (81%), from the Green River Hatchery (86%), and Kalama Creek Hatchery(88%) were significantly higher. In addition, impaired survival during the parr-smolttransformation has been reported for Atlantic salmon exposed to low levels <strong>of</strong> atrazine(i.e., >1 µg/L; Fairchild et al. 2002). Adverse effects on the parr-smolt transformationand impaired ability <strong>of</strong> fish to adapt to saline conditions have also been reported forAtlantic salmon exposed to 4-nonylphenol (at 5 µg/L) and estrogen (at 0.1 µg/L; Fairchildet al. 1999). Furthermore, juvenile chinook salmon that were exposed to PAHs or PCBshad higher mortality (i.e., about 60%) than control fish (i.e., about 15%) 14 days afterexposure to the marine pathogen, Listenella anguillarum (the bacterium formerly knownas Vibrio anguillarum; Arkoosh et al. 1998). Finally, Filby et al. (2007) demonstratedthat effects on the immune system were greater when fish were exposed to mixtures <strong>of</strong>endocrine disrupting compounds (i.e., compared to exposure to individual chemicals).104
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
Page 113 and 114: and gonadosomatic index scores were
Page 115 and 116: the lowest observed effect concentr
Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
Page 119 and 120: Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
Page 125 and 126: emoval efficiency of</stron
Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129: Location of NatalS
Page 133 and 134: concern relative to human or enviro
Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
Page 145 and 146: infection by various disease agents
Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
Page 149 and 150: potential concern were documented a
Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
Page 153 and 154: Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
Page 155 and 156: • The majority of</strong
Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
Page 159 and 160: • Development of
Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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